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세계의 자율운전 정책과 규제, 자율주행차 시장 액세스(2024년)
Global Autonomous Driving Policies & Regulations and Automotive Market Access Research Report, 2024
상품코드 : 1513559
리서치사 : ResearchInChina
발행일 : 2024년 06월
페이지 정보 : 영문 520 Pages
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한글목차

2023년 중국은 최대 414만대의 승용차를 수출했습니다. 그 중 64만대의 배터리 전기자동차(BEV)가 유럽에 수출되어 배터리 전기승용차 수출 전체의 41.27%를 차지했으며, 수출액은 1,325억 위안, 전체의 55.13%였습니다. 미국은 중국 전기차에 높은 징벌적 관세를 부과하고 있으며 유럽도 그러한 계획을 가지고 있습니다. 많은 과제가 있음에도 불구하고, 중국 승용차는 러시아, 동남아시아, 중동, 남미 등 주요 지역 시장에서 약진할 것으로 예상됩니다.

유럽 자동차 시장 및 자율 운전 규제

European Automobile Manufacturers Association(ACEA)의 데이터에 따르면, 유럽에는 322개의 자동차 조립, 엔진, 배터리 제조 공장이 있으며, 그 중 213개 공장이 유럽 연합(EU) 회원국에 입지하고 있습니다. 그 내역은 자동차가 127공장, 버스가 71공장, 트럭(대형 상용차)이 56공장, 밴(소형 상용차)이 46공장, 엔진이 71공장, 배터리가 42공장입니다.

2023년 10월, EU는 중국 전기자동차에 대한 반보조금 조사를 시작했습니다. 현재 중국 기업에 대한 샘플 조사를 실시했습니다. 이 조사가 끝나면 조사 보고서는 중국 전기자동차가 보조금을 받고 있다고 단언할 가능성이 높고 EU에 수출되는 중국 전기자동차에는 15%-30%의 징벌적 관세가 과 됩니다. 유럽 전문 기관은 관세율이 19%가 될 수 있다고 예측합니다. 이러한 배경에서 중국 OEM은 유럽에서 생산 기지 개발 속도를 가속화하고 있습니다.

공동경제권인 EU는 자율주행규제 측면에서 상호연결이 강합니다. EU 회원국의 자율주행 규제는 주로 EU 규제를 기반으로 하며, 세부 사항은 미세 조정된 것일 뿐입니다. 따라서 중국 기업이 국외로 진출하기 위해서는 EU의 자율 운전 규제를 충족하는 것이 필수적입니다.

EU는 세계에서 가장 엄격한 최신 환경 보호 정책과 최신 배터리 추적성 정책을 가지고 있습니다. 이것은 중국 OEM 기술에 대한 또 다른 정책 장벽이며 EU가 실시하는 무역 보호이기도합니다.

EU의 자율 운전 규제는 안전 지향이며 세계에서 가장 엄격합니다.

영국은 EU를 떠났지만, 자율주행 규정은 전체적으로 EU와 일치합니다.

중국에 대한 사고 방식이 다르기 때문에 유럽 국가들은 중국 기업의 국외에서의 자율주행에 대한 요구가 다릅니다.

독일 : 독일의 OEM인 Volkswagen과 Merces-Benz는 지능형 운전에서 중국 기업에 대한 개방적인 태도를 취하고 있으며 중국 기업과 가장 긴밀한 관계를 유지하고 있습니다. Momenta, Deeproute.ai, NIO 등이 독일에 지능형 운전 개발 센터를 설립했습니다. 이 나라는 중국 자율주행 기술이 세계에 진출하는 교두보입니다.

헝가리 : 정치적으로 중국에 우호적이며 EU의 중심에 위치하며 생산 및 연구 개발의 중심지로 자리 잡고 있으며 여러 OEM 생산 기지가 있습니다. 헝가리는 자율주행기술의 연구개발과 테스트에 적극적으로 참여하고 있으며, 향후 중국에 있어서 EU 시장에서 가장 전략적으로 중요한 나라가 되어, 중국 기업의 EU 진출의 발판이 될 것으로 예측됩니다.

프랑스 : 조기에 자율 운전 시험을 시작했습니다. 2014년에는 4,000만 유로를 투자하여 많은 자율주행차 테스트 프로젝트를 실시했습니다. 2019년 자율주행차의 노상주행을 가능하게 하는 법률과 규제와 관련 틀을 솔선하여 성립시켰습니다. 그러나 최근 신에너지 차량의 자율주행 동향은 독일에 뒤처져 있습니다.

영국 : 2015년에 자율 운전 차량 센터를 건설하고 2025년까지 영국에서 자율 운전 차량을 상업화할 것을 제안했습니다. 2023년에 발표된 새로운 자율주행차법은 자율주행차 사고 책임이 OEM이 부담해야 함을 명확히 하기 위한 것입니다. 이 법은 L3 자율주행차에만 적용됩니다.

이 보고서는 세계 자율주행 차량 시장에 대한 조사 분석을 통해 각국의 정책, 규제 및 시장 접근에 대한 정보를 제공합니다.

목차

제1장 세계 자율운전 가이던스와 노상 사용 규제

제2장 중국 자율 운전 지침과 도로 규제

제3장 중국 국외자율운전 분석

제4장 유럽 자율운전 규제와 자동차 시장 접근 분석

제5장 동남아시아 자동차 시장과 접근 분석

제6장 중앙아시아/중동/남아시아 연합의 자동차 시장과 접근 분석

제7장 북미,남미의 자동차 시장과 접근 분석

제8장 기타 지역의 자동차 시장 및 접근 분석

BJH
영문 목차

영문목차

Intelligent driving regulations and vehicles going overseas: research on regional markets around the world and access strategies.

"Going out": discussion about regional markets around the world and access

In 2023, China exported up to 4.14 million passenger cars. Wherein, 640,000 battery electric vehicles (BEV) were exported to Europe, accounting for 41.27% of the total battery electric passenger car exports, and the export value was RMB132.5 billion, or 55.13% of the total; 310,000 BEVs were exported to Southeast Asia, making up 20.09%, and the export value was RMB22.3 billion, or 9.28% of the total. USA has imposed high punitive tariffs on Chinese electric vehicles, and Europe also has such a plan. In spite of many challenges, Chinese passenger cars are still expected to make breakthroughs in major regional markets such as Russia, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and South America.

European automotive market and autonomous driving regulations

According to the data from European Automobile Manufacturers' Association (ACEA), there have been 322 automobile assembly, engine and battery manufacturing plants in Europe, 213 of which are located in the European Union (EU) countries. A total of 127 plants produce cars, 71 make buses, 56 manufacture trucks (heavy-duty vehicles), 46 make vans (light commercial vehicles), 71 build engines, and 42 are battery manufacturing bases.

In October 2023, the EU launched an anti-subsidy investigation into Chinese electric vehicles. It currently conducts a sample investigation into Chinese companies. As this investigation comes to an end, the investigation report is very likely to affirm that Chinese electric vehicles are subsidized, and 15% to 30% punitive tariffs will be imposed on Chinese electric vehicles exported to the EU. European professional institutions predict the tariff rate may be 19%. Against this background, Chinese OEMs are quickening their pace of deploying production bases in Europe.

As a joint economy, the EU is highly interconnected in terms of autonomous driving regulations. The autonomous driving regulations in EU members are mainly based on EU regulations, with only tweaks in some details. Therefore, meeting EU autonomous driving regulations is a must for Chinese companies to go overseas.

The EU has the strictest and newest environmental protection policies and the latest battery traceability policies globally. It is another policy barrier for Chinese OEMs' technology, and the trade protection implemented by EU;

EU's autonomous driving regulations are safety-oriented and the strictest in the world;

Although the UK has left the EU, its autonomous driving regulations overall remain consistent with the EU.

Due to varying attitudes towards China, European countries also have different requirements for Chinese companies' autonomous driving overseas:

Germany: German OEMs Volkswagen and Mercedes Benz have an open attitude towards Chinese companies in intelligent driving, and remain the closest contact with them. The overseas expansion of Chinese companies in intelligent driving can further increase the shares of Volkswagen and Mercedes Benz in the EU market; Momenta, Deeproute. ai, and NIO among others have established intelligent driving development centers in Germany. The country will become a bridgehead for China's autonomous driving technology to go global;

Hungary: it is politically friendly to China, located at the center of the EU, and positioned as a production and R&D center, with production bases of multiple OEMs. Hungary vigorously participates in R&D and testing of autonomous driving technology, and is expected to become the country of the greatest strategic importance for China in the EU market in the future, becoming a "springboard" for Chinese companies to enter EU.

France: Autonomous driving testing started early. In 2014, it invested 40 million euros to carry out a number of autonomous vehicle test projects. In 2019, it took the lead in passing laws & regulations and related framework that allow autonomous driving vehicles on the road. However, in recent years, the development of autonomous driving of new energy vehicles lags behind that of Germany;

UK: it built an automated vehicle center in 2015 and then proposed commercialization of autonomous vehicles in the UK by 2025. The new Automated Vehicles Act released in 2023 aims to clarify that the responsibility for autonomous vehicle accidents should be taken by OEMs. This Act is only applicable to L3+ automated vehicles.

Southeast Asia automotive market and autonomous driving regulations

ASEAN countries and China signed the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), the world's largest free trade agreement which involves trade facilitation and technological cooperation on electric vehicles. This agreement will help facilitate interconnection and mutual benefit between China and ASEAN countries in the field of electric vehicles.

According to the road driving status of vehicles, in the ASEAN region, exactly half of countries are left-hand drive vehicle markets (Philippines, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Myanmar), and the other half are right-hand drive vehicle markets (Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Thailand and Singapore). According to automobile sales data released by automobile associations of Southeast Asian countries, it can be seen that automobile sales in Southeast Asian countries sustained high growth in 2023. Wherein, Indonesia saw the highest sales, up to 1 million units, and Malaysia followed.

Thailand: With its geographical advantage, it has become an ideal destination for Chinese auto brands to go overseas. Located in the center of Southeast Asia, Thailand not only connects Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam, but also radiates to China and India, making it a key gate for investors to enter the ASEAN market. As a major agricultural country, Thailand actively build agricultural cooperation with countries such as China and Singapore to introduce advanced technologies and agricultural machineries such as unmanned intelligent rice transplanters and plant protection drones, and jointly carry out R&D projects to support local agricultural development.

In the Southeast Asian market, Thailand leads in vehicle manufacturing. It has introduced a range of loose policies in electric vehicle production and investment. It is one of the main destinations for Chinese OEMs to build factories overseas. OEMs like GAC, Chery, SAIC, Great Wall, BYD and Neta Auto, and even battery giant CATL, have announced the building of factories in Southeast Asia, with a total investment of over RMB10 billion.

Singapore: it adopts the Regulatory Sandbox system to supervise the autonomous vehicle industry. On the one hand, it can test the safety capabilities of vehicles; on the other hand, it also grants the Land Transport Authority (LTA) of Singapore extensive discretion, gathering legislation experience for the LTA to formulate rules for licensing conditions, operations or test routes.

Singapore has made multiple deployments in autonomous driving, having tested projects in Singapore Changi Airport, logistics parks, and university communities. There is currently no automobile manufacturing base in Singapore, but only an autonomous driving R&D and test center. This is related to Singapore's development layout. Enterprise Singapore encourages and supports Singaporean enterprises to work on innovation-driven development, and promotes their integration and cooperation with global high-quality resources, so as to gain greater international competitive edges.

Singapore positions itself as a regional autonomous driving R&D center. The sales of new energy vehicles will not surge due to Singapore's private car policy. Yet among Southeast Asian countries, Singapore has great potential in developing autonomous driving. NIO has been officially listed on the main board of Singapore Exchange, with stock code being "NIO", and has also established an AI and autonomous driving R&D center in Singapore. Li Auto will set up an office in Singapore to recruit R&D teams related to AI inference chips and SiC power chips.

"Bringing in": China's regulatory frameworks for autonomous driving, data and AI

China's regulatory framework for autonomous driving road test

The National Comprehensive Three-dimensional Transportation Network Planning Outline clarifies that by 2035, China's autonomous driving technology will lead in the world. The Outline for Building China's Strength in Transportation suggests taking "strengthening R&D of autonomous driving technology and building an independent, controllable and complete industry chain" as an important part of building a country with strength in transportation.

China's regulations on application of AI in vehicles

China is striking agreements on AI governance with countries around the world, including Russia and France, aiming to establish a global rule system and ecosystem. In terms of top-level design, China has issued policy documents, for example, Global AI Governance Initiative, Next Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan, Measures for Scientific and Technological Ethics Review (Trial), and Opinions on Strengthening Ethical Governance of Science and Technology.

Application of AI in vehicles needs to meet national regulatory requirements such as Interim Measures for the Administration of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services and Provisions on the Administration of Deep Synthesis of Internet-based Information Services. OEMs' foundation models need to enter the Chinese Deep Synthesis Service Algorithm Filing List, specifically involving algorithm filing, security assessment, and filing of foundation models for use. Domestic deep synthesis technology services (text, pictures, audio, video, virtual reality, etc.) require algorithm filing, which often takes 2-4 months.

In May 2024, the EU Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) took effect. EU pays particular attention to AI foundation models and data protection. EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) poses very strict requirements for the use and processing of personal data.

China's regulations on data security and data asset circulation

China has speeded up the construction of its data asset system and established the National Data Administration. In the field of intelligent driving, regarding issues such as Tesla FSD entering into China and data export, the Data Department of Lin-gang Special Area Management Committee, as the direct supervisor, will further formulate regulations on local data collection, local training, and data export of Tesla and other foreign OEMs. In February 2024, "Measures for the Classified and Graded Management of Cross-border Data Flow in the Lin-gang Special Area" was released, defining three levels of cross-border data, i.e., core data, important data and general data and making it clear that core data is prohibited from crossing borders.

According to the policies Measures for the Security Assessment of Outbound Data Transfer and Provisions on Promoting and Regulating Cross-border Data Flow, for Tesla FSD's entry into China, Tesla is likely to need to build local data cloud training and storage centers to meet data compliance requirements.

In addition, the Notice on Carrying out Pilot Work on Expanding the Opening-up of Value-added Telecommunications Services" issued by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has loosened the restrictions on the proportion of foreign investment in data centers, which will help foreign-funded OEMs build local training centers in China.

In general, China has formulated a range of policies and regulations on L3/L4 autonomous driving on-road use, cybersecurity, data security, vehicle-road-cloud integration, smart roads, and mapping, providing compliance guidance for OEMs.

(1) Regulations on L3/L4 autonomous driving on-road use in China:

Highway-based L2/L2+ technology has been marketed, and highway-based L3 technology has entered the test stage;

At present, many provinces and municipalities have issued L3/L4 autonomous driving road test regulations, involving specific requirements for vehicle insurance, safety officers, and application conditions for demonstration use and operation. The Ministry of Transport has released the second batch of pilot applications of autonomous driving, covering highway passenger and freight transportation, urban mobility and logistics, intra-park transportation and operation in specific scenarios;

In terms of low-speed autonomous driving, some cities have issued detailed regulations, targeting low-speed autonomous vehicles with speeds not exceeding 15km/h.

Cybersecurity: clarify that pilot cities should have provincial or municipal intelligent connected vehicle safety monitoring capabilities, vehicle cybersecurity and data security management capabilities, etc.;

Data security: ensure that vehicle information and personal information of owners, as well as vehicle data, are protected from unauthorized access, tampering or leakage. Follow the principles: 1) In-vehicle processing, not provided outside the vehicle unless absolutely necessary; 2) No collection by default; 3) Accuracy range application; 4) Desensitization.

Vehicle-road-cloud integration: the purpose is to build a unified V2X technology standard and test evaluation system. In 2024, C-NCAP introduced C-V2X technology into the active safety evaluation for the first time;

Smart roads for autonomous driving: adopt an "end-edge-cloud" integrated technical architecture and establish a technical system of road engineering facilities supporting autonomous driving.

Mapping for autonomous driving: build a relatively perfect autonomous driving map system according to regulatory requirements for different types of autonomous driving maps, intelligent vehicle base maps, and geographical mapping information collection and management.

Table of Contents

1 Global Autonomous Driving Guidance and On-road Use Regulations

2 China's Autonomous Driving Guidance on Road Regulations

3 Analysis of China's Autonomous Driving Overseas

4 Analysis of European Autonomous Driving Regulations and Automotive Market Access

5 Analysis of Southeast Asian Automotive Market and Access

6 Analysis of the Central Asia/Middle East/South Asia Alliance Automotive Market and Access

7 Analysis of the North/South American Automotive Market and Access

8 Analysis of Automotive Market and Access in Other Regions

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