인사 급여 소프트웨어 시장은 2024-2029년 78억 4,000만 달러 증가하고, 예측 기간 동안 15.9%의 CAGR로 성장할 것으로 예상됩니다.
인사 급여 소프트웨어 시장에 대해 조사 분석했으며, 시장 규모와 예측, 동향, 성장 촉진요인, 과제, 약 25개 벤더에 대한 벤더 분석 등의 정보를 전해드립니다.
이 보고서는 현재 시장 시나리오, 최신 동향 및 촉진요인, 전체 시장 환경에 대한 최신 분석을 제공합니다. 이 시장은 인사 기능의 디지털 혁신, 원격 근무 및 하이브리드 근무 모델, 중소기업의 채용 증가에 힘입어 성장하고 있습니다.
| 시장 범위 |
| 기준 연도 |
2025년 |
| 종료 연도 |
2029년 |
| 예측 기간 |
2025-2029년 |
| 성장 모멘텀 |
가속 |
| 전년 대비 |
14.5% |
| CAGR |
15.9% |
| 증가액 |
78억 4,000만 달러 |
이 조사는 업계 주요 참가자의 의견을 포함하여 1차 및 2차 정보를 객관적으로 결합하여 수행되었습니다. 이 보고서에는 주요 기업 분석, 종합적인 시장 규모 데이터, 지역 분석에 따른 부문, 공급업체 상황, 주요 기업 분석이 포함되어 있습니다. 보고서에는 과거 데이터와 예측 데이터가 있습니다.
이 보고서는 클라우드 기반 솔루션의 채택이 향후 몇 년 동안 인사 급여 소프트웨어 시장의 성장을 촉진하는 주요 이유 중 하나로 꼽고 있습니다. 또한, M&A의 증가와 AI와 ml의 통합은 시장의 큰 수요로 이어질 것입니다.
목차
제1장 주요 요약
제2장 Technavio 분석
- 가격·수명주기·고객 구입 바스켓·채용률·구입 기준 분석
- 인풋의 중요성과 차별화 요인
- 혼란 요인
- 성장 촉진요인과 과제의 영향
제3장 시장 상황
제4장 시장 규모
- 시장 정의
- 시장 부문 분석
- 시장 규모 2024년
- 시장 전망 2024-2029년
제5장 시장 규모 실적
- 인사 급여 소프트웨어 세계 시장 2019-2023년
- 부품별 부문 분석 2019-2023년
- 전개별 부문 분석 2019-2023년
- 최종사용자별 부문 분석 2019-2023년
- 지역별 부문 분석 2019-2023년
- 국가별 부문 분석 2019-2023년
제6장 정성 분석
- 미국 관세의 영향 분석 : 인사 급여 소프트웨어 세계 시장
제7장 Five Forces 분석
- Five Forces 요약
- 구매자의 교섭력
- 공급 기업의 교섭력
- 신규 참여업체의 위협
- 대체품의 위협
- 경쟁의 위협
- 시장 상황
제8장 시장 세분화 : 구성요소별
- 시장 부문
- 비교 : 구성요소별
- 소프트웨어 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 서비스 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 시장 기회 : 구성요소별
제9장 시장 세분화 : 전개별
- 시장 부문
- 비교 : 전개별
- 온프레미스 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 클라우드 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 시장 기회 : 전개별
제10장 시장 세분화 : 최종사용자별
- 시장 부문
- 비교 : 최종사용자별
- 대기업 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 중소기업 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 시장 기회 : 최종사용자별
제11장 고객 상황
제12장 지역별 상황
- 지역별 세분화
- 지역별 비교
- 북미 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 아시아태평양 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 유럽 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 중동 및 아프리카 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 남미 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 미국 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 중국 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 일본 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 캐나다 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 독일 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 영국 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 인도 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 한국 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 프랑스 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 브라질 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 시장 기회 : 지역 상황별
제13장 촉진요인, 과제, 기회, 억제요인
- 시장 성장 촉진요인
- 시장 과제
- 성장 촉진요인과 과제의 영향
- 시장 기회·억제요인
제14장 경쟁 구도
제15장 경쟁 분석
- 기업 개요
- 기업 순위 지수
- 기업의 시장 포지셔닝
- Automatic Data Processing Inc.
- Bamboo HR LLC
- Dayforce Inc.
- Epicor Software Corp.
- Gusto
- Namely Inc.
- Oracle Corp.
- Paychex Inc.
- Paycom Software Inc.
- Paylocity Holding Corp.
- Rippling People Center Inc.
- Sage Group Plc
- SAP SE
- UKG Inc.
- Workday Inc.
제16장 부록
ksm
The hr payroll software market is forecasted to grow by USD 7,840 mn during 2024-2029, accelerating at a CAGR of 15.9% during the forecast period. The report on the hr payroll software market provides a holistic analysis, market size and forecast, trends, growth drivers, and challenges, as well as vendor analysis covering around 25 vendors.
The report offers an up-to-date analysis regarding the current market scenario, the latest trends and drivers, and the overall market environment. The market is driven by digital transformation of hr functions, remote and hybrid work models, and rising adoption among smes.
| Market Scope |
|---|
| Base Year | 2025 |
| End Year | 2029 |
| Series Year | 2025-2029 |
| Growth Momentum | Accelerate |
| YOY 2025 | 14.5% |
| CAGR | 15.9% |
| Incremental Value | $7,840.0 mn |
The study was conducted using an objective combination of primary and secondary information including inputs from key participants in the industry. The report contains a comprehensive market size data, segment with regional analysis and vendor landscape in addition to an analysis of the key companies. Reports have historic and forecast data.
Technavio's hr payroll software market is segmented as below:
By Component
By Deployment
By End-user
- Large Enterprises
- Small and Medium Enterprises
By Geographical Landscape
- North America
- APAC
- Europe
- Middle East and Africa
- South America
This study identifies the adoption of cloud-based solutions as one of the prime reasons driving the hr payroll software market growth during the next few years. Also, increasing number of mergers and acquisitions and integration of ai and ml will lead to sizable demand in the market.
The report on the hr payroll software market covers the following areas:
- HR Payroll Software Market sizing
- HR Payroll Software Market forecast
- HR Payroll Software Market industry analysis
The robust vendor analysis is designed to help clients improve their market position, and in line with this, this report provides a detailed analysis of several leading hr payroll software market vendors that include Automatic Data Processing Inc., Bamboo HR LLC, Dayforce Inc., Epicor Software Corp., GoGlobal, Greytip Software Pvt. Ltd., Gusto, HR Cloud Inc, Keka Technologies Pvt Ltd, Namely Inc., Oracle Corp., Paychex Inc., Paycom Software Inc., Paylocity Holding Corp., Rippling People Center Inc., Sage Group Plc, SAP SE, UKG Inc., and Workday Inc.. Also, the hr payroll software market analysis report includes information on upcoming trends and challenges that will influence market growth. This is to help companies strategize and leverage all forthcoming growth opportunities.
The publisher presents a detailed picture of the market by the way of study, synthesis, and summation of data from multiple sources by an analysis of key parameters such as profit, pricing, competition, and promotions. It presents various market facets by identifying the key industry influencers. The data presented is comprehensive, reliable, and a result of extensive primary and secondary research. The market research reports provide a complete competitive landscape and an in-depth vendor selection methodology and analysis using qualitative and quantitative research to forecast accurate market growth.
Table of Contents
1 Executive Summary
- 1.1 Market overview
- Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
- Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
- Executive Summary - Chart on Global Market Characteristics
- Executive Summary - Chart on Market By Geographical Landscape
- Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Component
- Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Deployment
- Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by End-user
- Executive Summary - Chart on Incremental Growth
- Executive Summary - Data Table on Incremental Growth
- Executive Summary - Chart on Company Market Positioning
2 Technavio Analysis
- 2.1 Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
- Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
- 2.2 Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
- Overview on criticality of inputs and factors of differentiation
- 2.3 Factors of disruption
- Overview on factors of disruption
- 2.4 Impact of drivers and challenges
- Impact of drivers and challenges in 2024 and 2029
3 Market Landscape
- 3.1 Market ecosystem
- Parent Market
- Data Table on - Parent Market
- 3.2 Market characteristics
- Market characteristics analysis
- 3.3 Value chain analysis
4 Market Sizing
- 4.1 Market definition
- Offerings of companies included in the market definition
- 4.2 Market segment analysis
- 4.3 Market size 2024
- 4.4 Market outlook: Forecast for 2024-2029
- Chart on Global - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Global - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
5 Historic Market Size
- 5.1 Global HR Payroll Software Market 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Data Table on Global HR Payroll Software Market 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
- 5.2 Component segment analysis 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Component Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
- 5.3 Deployment segment analysis 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Deployment Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
- 5.4 End-user segment analysis 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - End-user Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
- 5.5 Geography segment analysis 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Geography Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
- 5.6 Country segment analysis 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Country Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
6 Qualitative Analysis
- 6.1 Impact Analysis of U.S. Tariffs on Global HR Payroll Software Market
7 Five Forces Analysis
- 7.1 Five forces summary
- Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2024 and 2029
- 7.2 Bargaining power of buyers
- Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2024 and 2029
- 7.3 Bargaining power of suppliers
- Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
- 7.4 Threat of new entrants
- Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
- 7.5 Threat of substitutes
- Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
- 7.6 Threat of rivalry
- Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
- 7.7 Market condition
- Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2024 and 2029
8 Market Segmentation by Component
- 8.1 Market segments
- Chart on Component - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Component - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
- 8.2 Comparison by Component
- Chart on Comparison by Component
- Data Table on Comparison by Component
- 8.3 Software - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Software - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Software - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Software - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Software - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 8.4 Services - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Services - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Services - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Services - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Services - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 8.5 Market opportunity by Component
- Market opportunity by Component ($ million)
- Data Table on Market opportunity by Component ($ million)
9 Market Segmentation by Deployment
- 9.1 Market segments
- Chart on Deployment - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Deployment - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
- 9.2 Comparison by Deployment
- Chart on Comparison by Deployment
- Data Table on Comparison by Deployment
- 9.3 On-Premises - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on On-Premises - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on On-Premises - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on On-Premises - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on On-Premises - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 9.4 Cloud - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Cloud - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Cloud - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Cloud - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Cloud - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 9.5 Market opportunity by Deployment
- Market opportunity by Deployment ($ million)
- Data Table on Market opportunity by Deployment ($ million)
10 Market Segmentation by End-user
- 10.1 Market segments
- Chart on End-user - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on End-user - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
- 10.2 Comparison by End-user
- Chart on Comparison by End-user
- Data Table on Comparison by End-user
- 10.3 Large Enterprises - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Large Enterprises - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Large Enterprises - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Large Enterprises - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Large Enterprises - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 10.4 Small and Medium Enterprises - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Small and Medium Enterprises - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Small and Medium Enterprises - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Small and Medium Enterprises - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Small and Medium Enterprises - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 10.5 Market opportunity by End-user
- Market opportunity by End-user ($ million)
- Data Table on Market opportunity by End-user ($ million)
11 Customer Landscape
- 11.1 Customer landscape overview
- Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
12 Geographic Landscape
- 12.1 Geographic segmentation
- Chart on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2024-2029 (%)
- 12.2 Geographic comparison
- Chart on Geographic comparison
- Data Table on Geographic comparison
- 12.3 North America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on North America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on North America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on North America - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on North America - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 12.4 APAC - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on APAC - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on APAC - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 12.5 Europe - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Europe - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Europe - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 12.6 Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 12.7 South America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on South America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on South America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on South America - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on South America - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 12.8 US - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on US - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on US - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on US - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on US - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 12.9 China - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on China - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on China - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on China - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on China - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 12.10 Japan - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Japan - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Japan - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 12.11 Canada - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Canada - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Canada - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 12.12 Germany - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Germany - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Germany - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 12.13 UK - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on UK - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on UK - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on UK - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on UK - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 12.14 India - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on India - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on India - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on India - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on India - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 12.15 South Korea - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on South Korea - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on South Korea - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on South Korea - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on South Korea - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 12.16 France - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on France - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on France - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on France - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on France - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 12.17 Brazil - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Brazil - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Brazil - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Brazil - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Brazil - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 12.18 Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape
- Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ million)
- Data Tables on Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ million)
13 Drivers, Challenges, and Opportunity/Restraints
- 13.1 Market drivers
- 13.2 Market challenges
- 13.3 Impact of drivers and challenges
- Impact of drivers and challenges in 2024 and 2029
- 13.4 Market opportunities/restraints
14 Competitive Landscape
- 14.1 Overview
- 14.2 Competitive Landscape
- Overview on criticality of inputs and factors of differentiation
- 14.3 Landscape disruption
- Overview on factors of disruption
- 14.4 Industry risks
- Impact of key risks on business
15 Competitive Analysis
- 15.1 Companies profiled
- 15.2 Company ranking index
- 15.3 Market positioning of companies
- Matrix on companies position and classification
- 15.4 Automatic Data Processing Inc.
- Automatic Data Processing Inc. - Overview
- Automatic Data Processing Inc. - Business segments
- Automatic Data Processing Inc. - Key news
- Automatic Data Processing Inc. - Key offerings
- Automatic Data Processing Inc. - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 15.5 Bamboo HR LLC
- Bamboo HR LLC - Overview
- Bamboo HR LLC - Product / Service
- Bamboo HR LLC - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 15.6 Dayforce Inc.
- Dayforce Inc. - Overview
- Dayforce Inc. - Product / Service
- Dayforce Inc. - Key news
- Dayforce Inc. - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 15.7 Epicor Software Corp.
- Epicor Software Corp. - Overview
- Epicor Software Corp. - Product / Service
- Epicor Software Corp. - Key news
- Epicor Software Corp. - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 15.8 Gusto
- Gusto - Overview
- Gusto - Product / Service
- Gusto - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 15.9 Namely Inc.
- Namely Inc. - Overview
- Namely Inc. - Product / Service
- Namely Inc. - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 15.10 Oracle Corp.
- Oracle Corp. - Overview
- Oracle Corp. - Business segments
- Oracle Corp. - Key news
- Oracle Corp. - Key offerings
- Oracle Corp. - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 15.11 Paychex Inc.
- Paychex Inc. - Overview
- Paychex Inc. - Product / Service
- Paychex Inc. - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 15.12 Paycom Software Inc.
- Paycom Software Inc. - Overview
- Paycom Software Inc. - Product / Service
- Paycom Software Inc. - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 15.13 Paylocity Holding Corp.
- Paylocity Holding Corp. - Overview
- Paylocity Holding Corp. - Product / Service
- Paylocity Holding Corp. - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 15.14 Rippling People Center Inc.
- Rippling People Center Inc. - Overview
- Rippling People Center Inc. - Product / Service
- Rippling People Center Inc. - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 15.15 Sage Group Plc
- Sage Group Plc - Overview
- Sage Group Plc - Business segments
- Sage Group Plc - Key news
- Sage Group Plc - Key offerings
- Sage Group Plc - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 15.16 SAP SE
- SAP SE - Overview
- SAP SE - Business segments
- SAP SE - Key news
- SAP SE - Key offerings
- SAP SE - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 15.17 UKG Inc.
- UKG Inc. - Overview
- UKG Inc. - Product / Service
- UKG Inc. - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 15.18 Workday Inc.
- Workday Inc. - Overview
- Workday Inc. - Product / Service
- Workday Inc. - Key news
- Workday Inc. - Key offerings
- SWOT
16 Appendix
- 16.1 Scope of the report
- 16.2 Inclusions and exclusions checklist
- Inclusions checklist
- Exclusions checklist
- 16.3 Currency conversion rates for US$
- Currency conversion rates for US$
- 16.4 Research methodology
- 16.5 Data procurement
- 16.6 Data validation
- 16.7 Validation techniques employed for market sizing
- Validation techniques employed for market sizing
- 16.8 Data synthesis
- 16.9 360 degree market analysis
- 360 degree market analysis
- 16.10 List of abbreviations
