ㅁ Add-on 가능: 고객의 요청에 따라 일정한 범위 내에서 Customization이 가능합니다. 자세한 사항은 문의해 주시기 바랍니다.
ㅁ 보고서에 따라 최신 정보로 업데이트하여 보내드립니다. 배송기일은 문의해 주시기 바랍니다.
한글목차
무토양 재배 시장 규모는 최근 급속히 확대되고 있습니다. 2024년 98억 3,000만 달러로 평가되었고, 2025년에는 112억 4,000만 달러로, CAGR 14.4%로 성장할 전망입니다. 이 성장은 고수량 식품 생산에 대한 수요 증가, 도시 농업 도입 확대, 무농약 재배에 대한 관심 증가, 상업용 온실 재배 급증, 고부가가치 작물 재배 확대, 프리미엄 신선식품에 대한 소비자 선호도 증가 등의 요인과 관련이 있습니다.
무토양 재배 시장 규모는 향후 수년간 급속한 성장이 예상되고 있습니다. 2029년에는 190억 1,000만 달러에 달하고, CAGR은 14.0%를 나타낼 전망입니다. 예측기간에 있어서의 성장은 제어환경농업에 대한 투자확대, 기후 변화에 강한 농업수법에 중시가 높아지고, 연간 작물공급 수요 증가, 잔류농약제로의 농산물을 추진하는 고급 식품소매체인의 급증, 수입대체형 과일 및 채소생산 확대, 절수형 농업수법에 대한 주목의 고조 등이 있습니다. 예측기간의 주요 동향으로는 완전자동화 수직농장의 기술진보, 양분공급 최적화의 진전, 인공지능(AI) 기반의 작물 모니터링 기술 혁신, 데이터구동형 수량 예측 플랫폼의 개발, 지속가능한 기질배합의 연구개발, 통합농장관리 소프트웨어의 진보 등을 들 수 있습니다.
지속가능한 농업에 대한 수요 증가는 무토양 재배 시장의 성장을 이끌 것으로 예측됩니다. 지속가능한 농업이란 환경보호, 수자원·토양자원의 보전, 유해한 투입물의 삭감을 목적으로 한 농업수법을 말합니다. 지속 가능한 농업의 보급은 생산자에게 토양 열화 억제, 화학물질 사용 제한, 보다 깨끗한 재배 방법의 채택을 촉진하는 엄격한 환경 규제의 강화에 의해 추진되고 있습니다. 무토양 재배는 물·양분·생육 환경을 정밀하게 제어함으로써 자원 효율을 높이고 지속 가능한 농업을 지원합니다. 이것은 토양 열화와 화학 물질 유출을 줄이고 토지 요구 사항을 최소화합니다. 환경부하를 억제하면서 기후 변화에 대한 내성을 높여, 일년 내내 고수량의 식량생산을 촉진합니다. 예를 들어 2025년 10월에 덴마크에 거점을 두는 EU환경기관인 유럽환경청(EEA)은 2023년 시점에서 유럽연합(EU)의 전농지 중 유기농업이 10.8%를 차지했다고 보고했습니다. 그 결과, 지속가능한 농업에 대한 수요 증가가 무토양 재배 시장의 성장을 견인하고 있습니다.
무토양 재배 시장의 주요 기업은 수직면 재배와 같은 기술 혁신의 도입에 주력하고 있습니다. 수직면 재배는 식물을 인공적으로 설계된 수직면 상에서 재배하는 선진적인 무토양 기술이며, 뿌리에 제어된 영양액의 적하와 최적화된 공기의 흐름을 공급함으로써, 한정된 공간에서의 식물 밀도를 극대화합니다. 예를 들어, 2024년 4월에는 미국에 본사를 둔 실내 수경 재배 솔루션 제공업체인 Vertefarm사가 고밀도 실내 잎 야채 재배용으로 설계된 수직면 재배 시스템 'Hydroponic Micro Plant Factory'를 발표했습니다. 이 시스템은 뿌리 순환 점적 관개, 자외선(UV) 빛에 의한 수질 소독, 스마트 앱 제어(BLE 및 Wi-Fi)를 특징으로합니다. 마이크로플랜트 팩토리는 공간 효율 향상, 양액 이용 최적화, 재배 관리의 자동화를 실현해 주택 환경이나 소규모 상업시설에서 현대적인 무토양 재배 환경을 지원합니다.
목차
제1장 주요 요약
제2장 시장 특징
제3장 시장 동향과 전략
제4장 시장 : 금리, 인플레이션, 지정학, 무역전쟁과 관세, 그리고 코로나 및 회복이 시장에 미치는 영향을 포함한 거시경제 시나리오
제5장 세계의 성장 분석과 전략 분석 프레임워크
세계의 무토양 재배 : PESTEL 분석(정치, 사회, 기술, 환경, 법적 요인, 촉진요인과 억제요인)
최종 이용 산업의 분석
세계의 무토양 재배 시장 : 성장률 분석
세계의 무토양 재배 시장 실적 : 규모와 성장, 2019-2024
세계의 무토양 재배 시장 예측 : 규모와 성장, 2024-2029, 2034F
세계의 무토양 재배 : 총 잠재 시장 규모(TAM)
제6장 시장 세분화
세계의 무토양 재배 시장 : 컴포넌트별, 분석과 예측, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F
재배 매체
시스템 장비
제어 시스템
식물 영양소
세계의 무토양 재배 시장 : 시스템 유형별, 분석과 예측, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F
수경재배
에어로포닉스
아쿠아포닉스
세계의 무토양 재배 시장 : 기기별, 분석과 예측, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F
성장실
관개 시스템
조명
센서
세계의 무토양 재배 시장 : 작물 유형별, 분석과 예측, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F
과수
야채
허브
꽃
세계의 무토양 재배 시장 : 최종 사용자별, 분석과 예측, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F
농업
원예
조경
도시농업
세계의 무토양 재배 시장 : 세분화 재배 매체, 유형별, 분석과 예측, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F
코코피트
암면
펄라이트
버미큘라이트
점토 펠릿
피트모스
모래
톱밥
세계의 무토양 재배 시장 : 세분화 시스템 기기, 유형별, 분석과 예측, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F
수경 재배 시스템
아쿠아포닉 시스템
에어로포닉 시스템
수직 농법 구조
재배용 조명
관개용 펌프
저장 탱크 및 탱크
에어 펌프 및 에어 스톤
세계의 무토양 재배 시장 : 세분화 제어 시스템, 유형별, 분석과 예측, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F
환경 모니터링 시스템
기후 제어 시스템
관개 컨트롤러
양분 모니터링 시스템
pH 및 EC 컨트롤러
자동화 및 데이터 기록 시스템
세계의 무토양 재배 시장 : 세분화 식물 영양소, 유형별, 분석과 예측, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F
주요 영양소
미량 영양소
유기 영양소
합성 영양소
킬레이트화 영양소
양분 용액
제7장 지역별/국가별 분석
세계의 무토양 재배 시장 : 지역별, 분석과 예측, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F
세계의 무토양 재배 시장 : 국가별, 분석과 예측, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F
제8장 아시아태평양 시장
제9장 중국 시장
제10장 인도 시장
제11장 일본 시장
제12장 호주 시장
제13장 인도네시아 시장
제14장 한국 시장
제15장 서유럽 시장
제16장 영국 시장
제17장 독일 시장
제18장 프랑스 시장
제19장 이탈리아 시장
제20장 스페인 시장
제21장 동유럽 시장
제22장 러시아 시장
제23장 북미 시장
제24장 미국 시장
제25장 캐나다 시장
제26장 남미 시장
제27장 브라질 시장
제28장 중동 시장
제29장 아프리카 시장
제30장 경쟁 구도와 기업 프로파일
무토양 재배 시장 : 경쟁 구도
무토양 재배 시장 : 기업 프로파일
Compagnie de Saint-Gobain SA : 개요, 제품 및 서비스, 전략 및 재무 분석
Orbia Advance Corporation SAB de CV : 개요, 제품 및 서비스, 전략 및 재무 분석
ROCKWOOL Group : 개요, 제품 및 서비스, 전략 및 재무 분석
Jiffy Group BV : 개요, 제품 및 서비스, 전략 및 재무 분석
Priva BV : 개요, 제품 및 서비스, 전략 및 재무 분석
제31장 기타 주요 기업 및 혁신 기업
Village Farms International
Hydrofarm Holdings Group Inc.
GrowGeneration Corporation
Advanced Nutrients Holdings LLC
Lufa Farms Inc.
AppHarvest Inc.
LettUs Grow Ltd.
AeroFarms LLC
Mirai Co. Ltd.
Spread Co. Ltd.
CANNA International BV
Green Sense Farms Holdings Inc.
Sky Urban Solutions Holding Pte. Ltd.
Urban Crop Solutions NV
Living Greens Farm Inc.
제32장 세계 시장 경쟁 벤치마킹과 대시보드
제33장 주요 인수합병(M&A)
제34장 최근 시장 동향
제35장 시장의 잠재력이 높은 국가, 부문, 전략
무토양 재배 시장 2029 : 새로운 기회를 제공하는 국가
무토양 재배 시장 2029 : 새로운 기회를 제공하는 부문
무토양 재배 시장 2029 : 성장 전략
시장 동향에 기초한 전략
경쟁 전략
제36장 부록
SHW
영문 목차
영문목차
Soilless culture is a method of growing plants without natural soil, where roots receive water and nutrients through a specially prepared nutrient solution. The plants are supported in water or in inert growing materials such as rockwool, coco-peat, perlite, or clay pellets, which help retain moisture and provide space for root development. This method enables farmers to achieve higher yields, use less water, and cultivate crops even in areas with poor soil or limited land space.
The main components of soilless culture include the growing medium, system equipment, control systems, and plant nutrients. A growing medium is a substrate that supports plant roots and provides water, nutrients, and air in soilless cultivation systems. The system types include hydroponics, aeroponics, and aquaponics. The equipment used includes growth chambers, irrigation systems, lighting, and sensors. Various crops such as fruits, vegetables, herbs, and flowers can be grown. These systems are utilized by several end-users, including agriculture, horticulture, landscaping, and urban farming.
Note that the outlook for this market is being affected by rapid changes in trade relations and tariffs globally. The report will be updated prior to delivery to reflect the latest status, including revised forecasts and quantified impact analysis. The report's Recommendations and Conclusions sections will be updated to give strategies for entities dealing with the fast-moving international environment.
The accelerated imposition of U.S. tariffs and the emerging trade conflicts in spring 2025 are significantly influencing the agriculture sector by increasing input costs for seeds, fertilizers, and machinery parts sourced from abroad. Tariffs on imported agrochemicals and farm equipment have raised production expenses for growers, while retaliatory measures from key trading partners have reduced export opportunities for U.S. crops such as corn, wheat, and dairy products. As a result, many farmers are experiencing shrinking profit margins and heightened financial stress. In response, agricultural producers are diversifying crop portfolios, adopting precision farming technologies to reduce input waste, and advocating for government subsidies and market access relief.
The soilless culture market research report is one of a series of new reports from The Business Research Company that provides soilless culture market statistics, including the soilless culture industry global market size, regional shares, competitors with the soilless culture market share, detailed soilless culture market segments, market trends, and opportunities, and any further data you may need to thrive in the soilless culture industry. This soilless culture market research report delivers a complete perspective of everything you need, with an in-depth analysis of the current and future scenarios of the industry.
The soilless culture market size has grown rapidly in recent years. It will grow from $9.83 billion in 2024 to $11.24 billion in 2025 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 14.4%. The growth in the historic period is linked to increasing demand for high-yield food production, rising adoption of urban agriculture, growing focus on pesticide-free cultivation, a surge in commercial greenhouse farming, the expansion of high-value crop cultivation, and increasing consumer preference for premium fresh produce.
The soilless culture market size is expected to see rapid growth in the next few years. It will grow to $19.01 billion in 2029 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 14.0%. The growth in the forecast period is expected to result from growing investment in controlled-environment farming, rising emphasis on climate-resilient agricultural practices, increasing demand for year-round crop supply, a surge in premium food retail chains promoting residue-free produce, the expansion of import-substitution fruit and vegetable production, and increasing focus on water-efficient farming methods. Major trends in the forecast period include technological advancements in fully automated vertical farms, progress in nutrient-delivery optimization, innovations in artificial-intelligence-based crop monitoring, developments in data-driven yield-prediction platforms, research and development in sustainable substrate formulations, and advancements in integrated farm management software.
The growing demand for sustainable farming is expected to drive the growth of the soilless culture market. Sustainable farming refers to agricultural practices aimed at protecting the environment, conserving water and soil resources, and reducing harmful inputs. The rise in sustainable farming is driven by stricter environmental regulations that encourage producers to reduce soil degradation, limit chemical use, and adopt cleaner cultivation methods to meet compliance standards. Soilless culture supports sustainable farming by enabling efficient resource utilization, with precise control over water, nutrients, and growing conditions. This reduces soil degradation and chemical runoff, minimizes land requirements, and promotes year-round, high-yield food production with a lower environmental impact and greater resilience to climate change. For example, in October 2025, the European Environment Agency (EEA), a Denmark-based EU environmental authority, reported that organic farming accounted for 10.8% of all agricultural land in the European Union in 2023. As a result, the growing demand for sustainable farming is driving the growth of the soilless culture market.
Major companies in the soilless culture market are focusing on incorporating technological innovations such as vertical surface planting. Vertical surface planting is an advanced soilless technique where plants are grown on engineered upright surfaces, allowing roots to receive controlled nutrient drips and optimized airflow, maximizing plant density in limited spaces. For example, in April 2024, Vertefarm, a US-based indoor hydroponic solutions provider, launched its Hydroponic Micro Plant Factory, a vertical surface planting system designed for high-density indoor leafy-green cultivation. The system features root cyclic drip irrigation, ultraviolet (UV) light water sanitation, and smart app-based controls (BLE and Wi-Fi). The Micro Plant Factory improves space efficiency, optimizes nutrient-water use, and automates growing management, supporting modern soilless environments in residential and small-scale commercial settings.
In June 2025, GrowGeneration Corporation, a US-based provider of hydroponic and organic gardening products, acquired Viagrow for an undisclosed amount. This acquisition gives GrowGeneration access to Viagrow's established big-box retail distribution network and eco-friendly soilless grow-media product lines, expanding its retail reach and enhancing its consumer-focused product offerings while improving market penetration and omni-channel scalability. Viagrow, a US-based company, specializes in soilless culture products.
Major players in the soilless culture market are AeroFarms LLC, Compagnie de Saint-Gobain SA ( through Cultilene), CANNA International BV, Green Sense Farms Holdings Inc, Urban Crop Solutions NV, Hydrofarm Holdings Group Inc, Orbia Advance Corporation SAB de CV ( through Netafim), Sky Urban Solutions Holding Pte. Ltd (through Sky Greens ), Spread Co Ltd, Mirai Co Ltd, Lufa Farms Inc, Priva BV, LettUs Grow Ltd, Living Greens Farm Inc, Village Farms International, AppHarvest Inc, Advanced Nutrients Holdings LLC, GrowGeneration Corporation, ROCKWOOL Group ( through Grodan), Jiffy Group BV.
North America was the largest region in the soilless culture market in 2024. Asia-Pacific is expected to be the fastest-growing region in the forecast period. The regions covered in soilless culture report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East and Africa.
The countries covered in the soilless culture market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, USA, Canada, Italy, Spain.
The soilless culture market consists of revenues earned by entities by providing services such as system installation, maintenance and repair, consulting and training, crop monitoring services, remote monitoring services, and nutrient formulation services. The market value includes the value of related goods sold by the service provider or included within the service offering. The soilless culture market also includes sales of nutrient dosing pumps, growing trays, water filtration units, fertigation units, mesh pots, and germination blankets. Values in this market are 'factory gate' values, that is the value of goods sold by the manufacturers or creators of the goods, whether to other entities (including downstream manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors and retailers) or directly to end customers. The value of goods in this market includes related services sold by the creators of the goods.
The market value is defined as the revenues that enterprises gain from the sale of goods and/or services within the specified market and geography through sales, grants, or donations in terms of the currency (in USD unless otherwise specified).
The revenues for a specified geography are consumption values that are revenues generated by organizations in the specified geography within the market, irrespective of where they are produced. It does not include revenues from resales along the supply chain, either further along the supply chain or as part of other products.
Soilless Culture Global Market Report 2025 from The Business Research Company provides strategists, marketers and senior management with the critical information they need to assess the market.
This report focuses on soilless culture market which is experiencing strong growth. The report gives a guide to the trends which will be shaping the market over the next ten years and beyond.
Reasons to Purchase
Gain a truly global perspective with the most comprehensive report available on this market covering 15 geographies.
Assess the impact of key macro factors such as geopolitical conflicts, trade policies and tariffs, post-pandemic supply chain realignment, inflation and interest rate fluctuations, and evolving regulatory landscapes.
Create regional and country strategies on the basis of local data and analysis.
Identify growth segments for investment.
Outperform competitors using forecast data and the drivers and trends shaping the market.
Understand customers based on the latest market shares.
Benchmark performance against key competitors.
Suitable for supporting your internal and external presentations with reliable high quality data and analysis
Report will be updated with the latest data and delivered to you within 2-3 working days of order along with an Excel data sheet for easy data extraction and analysis.
All data from the report will also be delivered in an excel dashboard format.
Where is the largest and fastest growing market for soilless culture ? How does the market relate to the overall economy, demography and other similar markets? What forces will shape the market going forward, including technological disruption, regulatory shifts, and changing consumer preferences? The soilless culture market global report from the Business Research Company answers all these questions and many more.
The report covers market characteristics, size and growth, segmentation, regional and country breakdowns, competitive landscape, market shares, trends and strategies for this market. It traces the market's historic and forecast market growth by geography.
The market characteristics section of the report defines and explains the market.
The market size section gives the market size ($b) covering both the historic growth of the market, and forecasting its development.
The forecasts are made after considering the major factors currently impacting the market. These include:
The forecasts are made after considering the major factors currently impacting the market. These include the technological advancements such as AI and automation, Russia-Ukraine war, trade tariffs (government-imposed import/export duties), elevated inflation and interest rates.
Market segmentations break down the market into sub markets.
The regional and country breakdowns section gives an analysis of the market in each geography and the size of the market by geography and compares their historic and forecast growth.
The competitive landscape chapter gives a description of the competitive nature of the market, market shares, and a description of the leading companies. Key financial deals which have shaped the market in recent years are identified.
The trends and strategies section analyses the shape of the market as it emerges from the crisis and suggests how companies can grow as the market recovers.
Scope
Markets Covered:1) By Component: Growing Medium; System Equipment; Control Systems; Plant Nutrients
2) By System Type: Hydroponics; Aeroponics; Aquaponics
3) By Equipment: Growth Chambers; Irrigation Systems; Lighting; Sensors
4) By Crop Type: Fruits; Vegetables; Herbs; Flowers
5) By End-User: Agriculture; Horticulture; Landscaping; Urban Farming
2) By System Equipment: Hydroponic Systems; Aquaponic Systems; Aeroponic Systems; Vertical Farming Structures; Grow Lights; Irrigation Pumps; Reservoirs And Tanks; Air Pumps And Air Stones
3) By Control Systems: Environmental Monitoring Systems; Climate Control Systems; Irrigation Controllers; Nutrient Monitoring Systems; pH And EC Controllers; Automation And Data Logging Systems
Companies Mentioned: AeroFarms LLC; Compagnie de Saint-Gobain SA ( through Cultilene); CANNA International BV; Green Sense Farms Holdings Inc; Urban Crop Solutions NV; Hydrofarm Holdings Group Inc; Orbia Advance Corporation SAB de CV ( through Netafim); Sky Urban Solutions Holding Pte. Ltd (through Sky Greens ); Spread Co Ltd; Mirai Co Ltd; Lufa Farms Inc; Priva BV; LettUs Grow Ltd; Living Greens Farm Inc; Village Farms International; AppHarvest Inc; Advanced Nutrients Holdings LLC; GrowGeneration Corporation; ROCKWOOL Group ( through Grodan); Jiffy Group BV
Regions: Asia-Pacific; Western Europe; Eastern Europe; North America; South America; Middle East; Africa
Time Series: Five years historic and ten years forecast.
Data: Ratios of market size and growth to related markets, GDP proportions, expenditure per capita,
Data Segmentations: country and regional historic and forecast data, market share of competitors, market segments.
Sourcing and Referencing: Data and analysis throughout the report is sourced using end notes.
Delivery Format: PDF, Word and Excel Data Dashboard.
Table of Contents
1. Executive Summary
2. Soilless Culture Market Characteristics
3. Soilless Culture Market Trends And Strategies
4. Soilless Culture Market - Macro Economic Scenario Including The Impact Of Interest Rates, Inflation, Geopolitics, Trade Wars and Tariffs, And Covid And Recovery On The Market
4.1. Supply Chain Impact from Tariff War & Trade Protectionism
5. Global Soilless Culture Growth Analysis And Strategic Analysis Framework
5.1. Global Soilless Culture PESTEL Analysis (Political, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal Factors, Drivers and Restraints)
5.2. Analysis Of End Use Industries
5.3. Global Soilless Culture Market Growth Rate Analysis
5.4. Global Soilless Culture Historic Market Size and Growth, 2019 - 2024, Value ($ Billion)
5.5. Global Soilless Culture Forecast Market Size and Growth, 2024 - 2029, 2034F, Value ($ Billion)
5.6. Global Soilless Culture Total Addressable Market (TAM)
6. Soilless Culture Market Segmentation
6.1. Global Soilless Culture Market, Segmentation By Component, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
Growing Medium
System Equipment
Control Systems
Plant Nutrients
6.2. Global Soilless Culture Market, Segmentation By System Type, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
Hydroponics
Aeroponics
Aquaponics
6.3. Global Soilless Culture Market, Segmentation By Equipment, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
Growth Chambers
Irrigation Systems
Lighting
Sensors
6.4. Global Soilless Culture Market, Segmentation By Crop Type, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
Fruits
Vegetables
Herbs
Flowers
6.5. Global Soilless Culture Market, Segmentation By End-User, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
Agriculture
Horticulture
Landscaping
Urban Farming
6.6. Global Soilless Culture Market, Sub-Segmentation Of Growing Medium, By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
Coco Peat
Rockwool
Perlite
Vermiculite
Clay Pellets
Peat Moss
Sand
Sawdust
6.7. Global Soilless Culture Market, Sub-Segmentation Of System Equipment, By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
Hydroponic Systems
Aquaponic Systems
Aeroponic Systems
Vertical Farming Structures
Grow Lights
Irrigation Pumps
Reservoirs And Tanks
Air Pumps And Air Stones
6.8. Global Soilless Culture Market, Sub-Segmentation Of Control Systems, By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
Environmental Monitoring Systems
Climate Control Systems
Irrigation Controllers
Nutrient Monitoring Systems
pH And EC Controllers
Automation And Data Logging Systems
6.9. Global Soilless Culture Market, Sub-Segmentation Of Plant Nutrients, By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
Macronutrients
Micronutrients
Organic Nutrients
Synthetic Nutrients
Chelated Nutrients
Nutrient Solutions
7. Soilless Culture Market Regional And Country Analysis
7.1. Global Soilless Culture Market, Split By Region, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
7.2. Global Soilless Culture Market, Split By Country, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
