한글목차

세계의 크로마틱 공초점 센서 시장 규모는 2023년에 1억 6,761만 달러에 달했습니다.

이 시장은 2024-2030년의 예측 기간 중 7.68%의 CAGR로 확대하며, 2030년에는 2억 7,734만 달러에 달할 것으로 예측됩니다.

북미의 크로마틱 공초점 센서 시장 규모는 2023년에 3,259만 달러에 달했습니다. 이 시장은 2024-2030년의 예측 기간에 6.67%의 CAGR로 확대하며, 2030년에는 5,158만 달러에 달할 것으로 예측됩니다.

유럽의 크로마틱 공초점 센서 시장 규모는 2023년에 5,783만 달러에 달했습니다. 이 시장은 2024-2030년의 예측 기간에 7.13%의 CAGR로 확대하며, 2030년에는 9,177만 달러에 달할 것으로 예측됩니다.

중국의 크로마틱 공초점 센서 시장 규모는 2023년에 3,846만 달러에 달했습니다. 이 시장은 2024-2030년의 예측 기간에 9.39%의 CAGR로 확대하며, 2030년에는 7,051만 달러에 달할 것으로 예측됩니다.

일본의 크로마틱 공초점 센서 시장 규모는 2023년에 2,668만 달러에 달했습니다. 이 시장은 2024-2030년의 예측 기간에 8.03%의 CAGR로 확대하며, 2030년에는 4,525만 달러에 달할 것으로 예측됩니다.

크로마틱 공초점 센서의 주요 세계 제조업체에는 Keyence Corporation, Precitec, Micro-Epsilon, LMI Technologies, STIL, SICK, OMRON, Shenzhen LightE-Technology, SinceVision 등이 있습니다. 2023년에는 세계의 상위 3 벤더가 매출의 약 61.86%를 차지하고 있습니다.

세계의 크로마틱 공초점 센서 시장에 대해 조사했으며, 시장의 개요와 유형별, 용도별, 지역별 동향 및 시장에 참여하는 기업의 개요 등을 제공하고 있습니다.

목차

제1장 크로마틱모두 초점 센서 시장 개요

• 제품 정의
• 크로마틱 공초점 센서, 유형별
• 크로마틱 공초점 센서, 용도별
• 세계 시장의 성장 전망
• 전제와 제한

제2장 제조업체에 의한 시장 경쟁

제3장 크로마틱모두 초점 센서 생산, 지역별

• 세계의 크로마틱 공초점 센서 생산액 예측 : 2019년 대 2023년 대 2030년, 지역별
• 세계의 크로마틱 공초점 센서 생산액(2019-2030년), 지역별
• 세계의 크로마틱 공초점 센서 생산량 예측 : 2019년 대 2023년 대 2030년, 지역별
• 세계의 크로마틱 공초점 센서 생산량(2019-2030년), 지역별
• 세계의 크로마틱 공초점 센서 시장 가격 분석(2019-2024년), 지역별
• 세계의 크로마틱 공초점 센서 생산량과 가치, 전년대비 성장률

제4장 크로마틱모두 초점 센서 소비, 지역별

• 세계의 크로마틱 공초점 센서 소비량 예측 : 2019년 대 2023년 대 2030년, 지역별
• 세계의 크로마틱 공초점 센서 소비량(2019-2030년), 지역별
• 북미
• 유럽
• 아시아태평양
• 라틴아메리카, 중동 및 아프리카

제5장 유형별 부문

• 세계의 크로마틱 공초점 센서 판매량(유형별)(2019-2030년)
• 세계의 크로마틱 공초점 센서 판매액(유형별)(2019-2030년)
• 세계의 크로마틱 공초점 센서 가격(유형별)(2019-2030년)

제6장 용도별 부문

• 세계의 크로마틱 공초점 센서 판매량(용도별)(2019-2030년)
• 세계의 크로마틱 공초점 센서 판매액(용도별)(2019-2030년)
• 세계의 크로마틱 공초점 센서 가격(용도별)(2019-2030년)

제7장 주요 기업의 개요

• Keyence Corporation
• Precitec
• Micro-Epsilon
• LMI Technologies
• STIL
• SICK
• OMRON
• Shenzhen LightE-Technology
• SinceVision
• Hypersen Technologies
• THINKFOCUS
• POMEAS VISION
• Tronsight
• Acuity Laser
• Proldv Optical Technology
• Seizet Technology

제8장 산업 체인과 판매채널 분석

• 크로마틱 공초점 센서 산업 체인 분석
• 크로마틱 공초점 센서의 주요 원재료
• 크로마틱 공초점 센서 판매 및 마케팅
• 크로마틱 공초점 센서 고객

제9장 크로마틱모두 초점 센서 시장 역학

제10장 조사 결과와 결론

제11장 조사 방법과 데이터 소스

영문목차

The global Chromatic Confocal Sensors market was valued at US$ 167.61 million in 2023 and is anticipated to reach US$ 277.34 million by 2030, witnessing a CAGR of 7.68% during the forecast period 2024-2030.

North American market for Chromatic Confocal Sensors is estimated to increase from $ 32.59 million in 2023 to reach $ 51.58 million by 2030, at a CAGR of 6.67% during the forecast period of 2024 through 2030.

Europe market for Chromatic Confocal Sensors is estimated to increase from $ 57.83 million in 2023 to reach $ 91.77 million by 2030, at a CAGR of 7.13% during the forecast period of 2024 through 2030.

China market for Chromatic Confocal Sensors is estimated to increase from $ 38.46 million in 2023 to reach $ 70.51 million by 2030, at a CAGR of 9.39% during the forecast period of 2024 through 2030.

Japan market for Chromatic Confocal Sensors is estimated to increase from $ 26.68 million in 2023 to reach $ 45.25 million by 2030, at a CAGR of 8.03% during the forecast period of 2024 through 2030.

The major global manufacturers of Chromatic Confocal Sensors include Keyence Corporation, Precitec, Micro-Epsilon, LMI Technologies, STIL, SICK, OMRON, Shenzhen LightE-Technology, and SinceVision, etc. In 2023, the world's top three vendors accounted for approximately 61.86% of the revenue.

Report Scope

This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Chromatic Confocal Sensors, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Chromatic Confocal Sensors.

The Chromatic Confocal Sensors market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of output/shipments (Units) and revenue ($ millions), considering 2023 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2019 to 2030. This report segments the global Chromatic Confocal Sensors market comprehensively. Regional market sizes, concerning products by Type, by Application, and by players, are also provided.

For a more in-depth understanding of the market, the report provides profiles of the competitive landscape, key competitors, and their respective market ranks. The report also discusses technological trends and new product developments.

The report will help the Chromatic Confocal Sensors manufacturers, new entrants, and industry chain related companies in this market with information on the revenues, production, and average price for the overall market and the sub-segments across the different segments, by company, by Type, by Application, and by regions.

Market Segmentation

By Company

• Keyence Corporation
• Precitec
• Micro-Epsilon
• LMI Technologies
• STIL
• SICK
• OMRON
• Shenzhen LightE-Technology
• SinceVision
• Hypersen Technologies
• THINKFOCUS
• POMEAS VISION
• Tronsight
• Acuity Laser
• Proldv Optical Technology
• Seizet Technology

by Type

• Point Chromatic Confocal Sensors
• Line Chromatic Confocal Sensors

by Application

• Semiconductor Industry
• 3C Electronics
• Glass Industry
• Precision Machined Parts
• Battery
• Others

Production by Region

• North America
• Europe
• China
• Japan

Consumption by Region

• North America
• U.S.
• Canada
• Asia-Pacific
• China
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K.
• Italy
• Netherlands
• Rest of Europe
• South America
• Mexico
• Brazil
• Israel
• Rest of South America

Chapter Outline:

Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, executive summary of different market segments (by region, by Type, by Application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.

Chapter 2: Detailed analysis of Chromatic Confocal Sensors manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales and value market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.

Chapter 3: Production/output, value of Chromatic Confocal Sensors by region/country. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region in the next six years.

Chapter 4: Consumption of Chromatic Confocal Sensors in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and sales of each country in the world.

Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.

Chapter 6: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.

Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales/output, value, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.

Chapter 8: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.

Chapter 9: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.

Chapter 10: The main points and conclusions of the report.

Table of Contents

1 Chromatic Confocal Sensors Market Overview

• 1.1 Product Definition
• 1.2 Chromatic Confocal Sensors by Type
  • 1.2.1 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Type: 2023 VS 2030
  • 1.2.2 Point Chromatic Confocal Sensors
  • 1.2.3 Line Chromatic Confocal Sensors
• 1.3 Chromatic Confocal Sensors by Application
  • 1.3.1 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Application: 2023 VS 2030
  • 1.3.2 Semiconductor Industry
  • 1.3.3 3C Electronics
  • 1.3.4 Glass Industry
  • 1.3.5 Precision Machined Parts
  • 1.3.6 Battery
  • 1.3.7 Others
• 1.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
  • 1.4.1 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
  • 1.4.2 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
  • 1.4.3 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Market Average Price Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
• 1.5 Assumptions and Limitations

2 Market Competition by Manufacturers

• 2.1 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
• 2.2 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales Value Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
• 2.3 Global Key Players of Chromatic Confocal Sensors, Industry Ranking, 2022 VS 2023
• 2.4 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
• 2.5 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Average Price by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
• 2.6 Global Key Manufacturers of Chromatic Confocal Sensors, Headquarters & Established Date
• 2.7 Global Key Manufacturers of Chromatic Confocal Sensors, Product Type
• 2.8 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  • 2.8.1 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Market Concentration Rate
  • 2.8.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Chromatic Confocal Sensors Players Market Share by Revenue
• 2.9 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion, Financing

3 Chromatic Confocal Sensors Production by Region

• 3.1 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Production Value Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
• 3.2 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Production Value by Region (2019-2030)
  • 3.2.1 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Production Value Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
  • 3.2.2 Global Forecasted Production Value of Chromatic Confocal Sensors by Region (2025-2030)
• 3.3 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Production Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
• 3.4 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Production by Region (2019-2030)
  • 3.4.1 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
  • 3.4.2 Global Forecasted Production of Chromatic Confocal Sensors by Region (2025-2030)
• 3.5 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Market Price Analysis by Region (2019-2024)
• 3.6 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Production and Value, Year-over-Year Growth
  • 3.6.1 North America Chromatic Confocal Sensors Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
  • 3.6.2 Europe Chromatic Confocal Sensors Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
  • 3.6.3 China Chromatic Confocal Sensors Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
  • 3.6.4 Japan Chromatic Confocal Sensors Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)

4 Chromatic Confocal Sensors Consumption by Region

• 4.1 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Consumption Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
• 4.2 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
  • 4.2.1 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
  • 4.2.2 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Forecasted Consumption by Region (2025-2030)
• 4.3 North America
  • 4.3.1 North America Chromatic Confocal Sensors Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  • 4.3.2 North America Chromatic Confocal Sensors Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
  • 4.3.3 U.S.
  • 4.3.4 Canada
• 4.4 Europe
  • 4.4.1 Europe Chromatic Confocal Sensors Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  • 4.4.2 Europe Chromatic Confocal Sensors Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
  • 4.4.3 Germany
  • 4.4.4 France
  • 4.4.5 U.K.
  • 4.4.6 Italy
  • 4.4.7 Netherlands
• 4.5 Asia Pacific
  • 4.5.1 Asia Pacific Chromatic Confocal Sensors Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  • 4.5.2 Asia Pacific Chromatic Confocal Sensors Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
  • 4.5.3 China
  • 4.5.4 Japan
  • 4.5.5 South Korea
  • 4.5.6 Southeast Asia
  • 4.5.7 India
• 4.6 Latin America, Middle East & Africa
  • 4.6.1 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Chromatic Confocal Sensors Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  • 4.6.2 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Chromatic Confocal Sensors Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
  • 4.6.3 Mexico
  • 4.6.4 Brazil
  • 4.6.5 Israel

5 Segment by Type

• 5.1 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales by Type (2019-2030)
  • 5.1.1 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales by Type (2019-2024)
  • 5.1.2 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales by Type (2025-2030)
  • 5.1.3 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
• 5.2 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales Value by Type (2019-2030)
  • 5.2.1 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales Value by Type (2019-2024)
  • 5.2.2 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales Value by Type (2025-2030)
  • 5.2.3 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales Value Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
• 5.3 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Price by Type (2019-2030)

6 Segment by Application

• 6.1 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales by Application (2019-2030)
  • 6.1.1 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales by Application (2019-2024)
  • 6.1.2 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales by Application (2025-2030)
  • 6.1.3 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
• 6.2 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales Value by Application (2019-2030)
  • 6.2.1 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales Value by Application (2019-2024)
  • 6.2.2 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales Value by Application (2025-2030)
  • 6.2.3 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales Value Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
• 6.3 Global Chromatic Confocal Sensors Price by Application (2019-2030)

7 Key Companies Profiled

• 7.1 Keyence Corporation
  • 7.1.1 Keyence Corporation Chromatic Confocal Sensors Company Information
  • 7.1.2 Keyence Corporation Chromatic Confocal Sensors Product Portfolio
  • 7.1.3 Keyence Corporation Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  • 7.1.4 Keyence Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
• 7.2 Precitec
  • 7.2.1 Precitec Chromatic Confocal Sensors Company Information
  • 7.2.2 Precitec Chromatic Confocal Sensors Product Portfolio
  • 7.2.3 Precitec Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  • 7.2.4 Precitec Main Business and Markets Served
• 7.3 Micro-Epsilon
  • 7.3.1 Micro-Epsilon Chromatic Confocal Sensors Company Information
  • 7.3.2 Micro-Epsilon Chromatic Confocal Sensors Product Portfolio
  • 7.3.3 Micro-Epsilon Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  • 7.3.4 Micro-Epsilon Main Business and Markets Served
• 7.4 LMI Technologies
  • 7.4.1 LMI Technologies Chromatic Confocal Sensors Company Information
  • 7.4.2 LMI Technologies Chromatic Confocal Sensors Product Portfolio
  • 7.4.3 LMI Technologies Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  • 7.4.4 LMI Technologies Main Business and Markets Served
• 7.5 STIL
  • 7.5.1 STIL Chromatic Confocal Sensors Company Information
  • 7.5.2 STIL Chromatic Confocal Sensors Product Portfolio
  • 7.5.3 STIL Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  • 7.5.4 STIL Main Business and Markets Served
• 7.6 SICK
  • 7.6.1 SICK Chromatic Confocal Sensors Company Information
  • 7.6.2 SICK Chromatic Confocal Sensors Product Portfolio
  • 7.6.3 SICK Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  • 7.6.4 SICK Main Business and Markets Served
• 7.7 OMRON
  • 7.7.1 OMRON Chromatic Confocal Sensors Company Information
  • 7.7.2 OMRON Chromatic Confocal Sensors Product Portfolio
  • 7.7.3 OMRON Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  • 7.7.4 OMRON Main Business and Markets Served
• 7.8 Shenzhen LightE-Technology
  • 7.8.1 Shenzhen LightE-Technology Chromatic Confocal Sensors Company Information
  • 7.8.2 Shenzhen LightE-Technology Chromatic Confocal Sensors Product Portfolio
  • 7.8.3 Shenzhen LightE-Technology Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  • 7.8.4 Shenzhen LightE-Technology Main Business and Markets Served
• 7.9 SinceVision
  • 7.9.1 SinceVision Chromatic Confocal Sensors Company Information
  • 7.9.2 SinceVision Chromatic Confocal Sensors Product Portfolio
  • 7.9.3 SinceVision Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  • 7.9.4 SinceVision Main Business and Markets Served
• 7.10 Hypersen Technologies
  • 7.10.1 Hypersen Technologies Chromatic Confocal Sensors Company Information
  • 7.10.2 Hypersen Technologies Chromatic Confocal Sensors Product Portfolio
  • 7.10.3 Hypersen Technologies Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  • 7.10.4 Hypersen Technologies Main Business and Markets Served
• 7.11 THINKFOCUS
  • 7.11.1 THINKFOCUS Chromatic Confocal Sensors Company Information
  • 7.11.2 THINKFOCUS Chromatic Confocal Sensors Product Portfolio
  • 7.11.3 THINKFOCUS Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  • 7.11.4 THINKFOCUS Main Business and Markets Served
• 7.12 POMEAS VISION
  • 7.12.1 POMEAS VISION Chromatic Confocal Sensors Company Information
  • 7.12.2 POMEAS VISION Chromatic Confocal Sensors Product Portfolio
  • 7.12.3 POMEAS VISION Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  • 7.12.4 POMEAS VISION Main Business and Markets Served
• 7.13 Tronsight
  • 7.13.1 Tronsight Chromatic Confocal Sensors Company Information
  • 7.13.2 Tronsight Chromatic Confocal Sensors Product Portfolio
  • 7.13.3 Tronsight Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  • 7.13.4 Tronsight Main Business and Markets Served
• 7.14 Acuity Laser
  • 7.14.1 Acuity Laser Chromatic Confocal Sensors Company Information
  • 7.14.2 Acuity Laser Chromatic Confocal Sensors Product Portfolio
  • 7.14.3 Acuity Laser Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  • 7.14.4 Acuity Laser Main Business and Markets Served
• 7.15 Proldv Optical Technology
  • 7.15.1 Proldv Optical Technology Chromatic Confocal Sensors Company Information
  • 7.15.2 Proldv Optical Technology Chromatic Confocal Sensors Product Portfolio
  • 7.15.3 Proldv Optical Technology Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  • 7.15.4 Proldv Optical Technology Main Business and Markets Served
• 7.16 Seizet Technology
  • 7.16.1 Seizet Technology Chromatic Confocal Sensors Company Information
  • 7.16.2 Seizet Technology Chromatic Confocal Sensors Product Portfolio
  • 7.16.3 Seizet Technology Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  • 7.16.4 Seizet Technology Main Business and Markets Served

8 Industry Chain and Sales Channels Analysis

• 8.1 Chromatic Confocal Sensors Industry Chain Analysis
• 8.2 Chromatic Confocal Sensors Key Raw Materials
  • 8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
  • 8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
• 8.3 Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales and Marketing
  • 8.3.1 Chromatic Confocal Sensors Sales Channels
  • 8.3.2 Chromatic Confocal Sensors Distributors
• 8.4 Chromatic Confocal Sensors Customers

9 Chromatic Confocal Sensors Market Dynamics

• 9.1 Chromatic Confocal Sensors Industry Trends
• 9.2 Chromatic Confocal Sensors Market Drivers
• 9.3 Chromatic Confocal Sensors Market Challenges
• 9.4 Chromatic Confocal Sensors Market Restraints

10 Research Findings and Conclusion

11 Methodology and Data Source

• 11.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  • 11.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  • 11.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  • 11.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
• 11.2 Data Source
  • 11.2.1 Secondary Sources
  • 11.2.2 Primary Sources
• 11.3 Author List
• 11.4 Disclaimer