한글목차

세계 후막 히터 시장의 미래는 가전제품, 의료기기, 산업 시장에서의 기회로 인해 유망할 것으로 예상됩니다. 세계 후막 히터 시장은 2025년부터 2031년까지 4.2%의 연평균 성장률을 보일 것으로 예상됩니다. 이 시장의 주요 촉진요인은 에너지 효율이 높은 난방에 대한 수요 증가, 스마트 가전제품의 보급 확대, 의료기기에서의 사용 증가 등입니다.

• Lucintel의 예측에 따르면, 유형별로는 세라믹 후막 히터가 예측 기간 동안 높은 성장률을 보일 것으로 예상됩니다.
• 용도별로는 산업용 분야가 가장 높은 성장률을 보일 것으로 예상됩니다.
• 지역별로는 아시아태평양(APAC)이 예측 기간 동안 가장 높은 성장률을 보일 것으로 예상됩니다.

후막 히터 시장의 새로운 동향

후막 히터 시장의 새로운 트렌드는 기술 개발, 지속가능성 및 응용 분야 확대에 초점을 맞추고 있습니다. 이러한 추세는 혁신 촉진, 에너지 효율 향상, 특정 산업 수요에 대한 대응을 통해 시장 상황을 변화시키고 있습니다. 이해관계자들이 성장 가능성을 포착하고 적응하기 위해서는 이러한 트렌드를 인식하는 것이 필수적입니다.

• 에너지 효율 및 스마트 난방 솔루션 : 에너지 절약에 대한 관심이 높아짐에 따라 정밀한 온도 제어와 빠른 가열을 실현하는 히터의 개발이 진행되고 있습니다. IoT 및 자동화와의 스마트한 통합을 통해 특히 의료 및 산업 분야에서 운영 효율성을 향상시킬 수 있습니다.
• 소형화 및 경량화 : 전자기기 및 의료 기술에서 소형 부품에 대한 수요가 증가함에 따라 후막 히터의 소형화 설계가 촉진되고 있습니다. 이를 통해 성능 저하 없이 소형 디바이스에 탑재가 가능해져 웨어러블 기술 및 모바일 기기에 대한 적용이 확대되고 있습니다.
• 첨단 소재 및 코팅 기술 : 고성능 기판과 첨단 코팅의 활용으로 히터의 내구성과 방열성이 향상됩니다. 내식성과 열전도율을 높이는 소재는 제품의 내구성과 효율성을 높이고 산업 응용 분야의 확대에 기여합니다.
• 지속가능성 및 규제 대응 : 환경 규제 강화로 인해 지속가능한 난방 기술의 채택이 촉진되고 있습니다. 제조업체들은 재활용 가능한 재료와 에너지 절약형 설계를 중시하고 국제 표준에 대응함으로써 환경에 민감한 소비자와 산업계의 관심을 끌고 있습니다.
• 특주 및 용도 특화 솔루션 : 용도 특화형 난방 솔루션에 대한 수요가 증가함에 따라 자동차, 의료, 가전 산업에서 특정 요구사항에 대응하는 전용 히터가 개발되고 있습니다. 커스터마이징을 통해 시스템 효율성과 소비자 만족도를 높일 수 있습니다.

이러한 신흥 트렌드와 함께 후막 히터 시장은 지능적이고 효율적인 열 솔루션에 초점을 맞춘 역동적인 첨단 기술 분야로 변모하고 있습니다. 소형화, 스마트 통합, 유연한 소재로의 전환으로 기존 가전제품 시장을 넘어 EV, 의료, IoT 등 고성장 분야로 대상 시장이 확대되고 있습니다.

후막 히터 시장의 최근 동향

후막 히터 업계에서는 최근 제품 기능과 용도를 확대하는 추세가 잇따르고 있습니다. 기술 혁신, 전략적 제휴, 신규 시장으로의 다각화 등 이러한 발전은 시장의 성장과 다각화를 뒷받침하고 있습니다.

• 발열체 기술 혁신 : 응답속도, 정밀도, 내구성을 향상시킨 히터 개발은 특히 첨단 의료기기 및 산업기기 분야의 고객 니즈 변화에 대응하고 있습니다.
• 전략적 제휴 및 제휴 : 기술기업과 제조업체의 제휴를 통해 연구개발을 촉진하고 혁신적인 솔루션과 시장 확대를 실현하고 있습니다. 합작투자는 혁신을 가속화하고 성장 시장으로의 진출을 촉진합니다.
• 전기자동차(EV) 및 재생에너지 분야로의 진출 : 신뢰할 수 있는 열 솔루션에 대한 EV 수요 증가로 인해 후막 히터의 사용이 증가하고 있습니다. 충전 인프라 및 배터리 시스템과의 통합은 주요 성장 분야입니다.
• 의료기기 분야에서의 채택 : 진단 및 치료 기기에서 온도 제어의 정확성에 대한 수요가 증가하면서 시장 성장을 촉진하고, 환자 안전과 기기 신뢰성 향상으로 이어지는 혁신이 진행되고 있습니다.
• 제조 방법의 개선 : 제조 기술의 발전으로 비용 절감과 품질 향상을 실현하고, 확장 가능한 생산 및 맞춤형 기능을 통해 다양한 산업 분야의 요구를 충족시킬 수 있습니다.

이 다섯 가지 주요 발전은 후막 히터 시장이 기술적으로 성숙하고 계속 발전하고 있음을 보여줍니다. AlN과 같은 고성능 재료의 통합과 무연 페이스트를 통한 규제 준수 달성은 성능과 안전성 두 가지 측면의 우려에 대응하고 있습니다.

목차

제1장 주요 요약

제2장 시장 개요

• 배경과 분류
• 공급망

제3장 시장 동향과 예측 분석

• 거시경제 동향과 예측
• 업계 성장 촉진요인과 과제
• PESTLE 분석
• 특허 분석
• 규제 환경

제4장 세계의 후막 히터 시장 : 종류별

• 매력 분석 : 종류별
• 금속 후막 히터
• 세라믹 후막 히터

제5장 세계의 후막 히터 시장 : 용도별

• 매력 분석 : 용도별
• 가전제품
• 의료기기
• 산업
• 기타

제6장 지역별 분석

제7장 북미의 후막 히터 시장

• 북미의 후막 히터 시장 : 종류별
• 북미의 후막 히터 시장 : 용도별
• 미국의 후막 히터 시장
• 멕시코의 후막 히터 시장
• 캐나다의 후막 히터 시장

제8장 유럽의 후막 히터 시장

• 유럽의 후막 히터 시장 : 종류별
• 유럽의 후막 히터 시장 : 용도별
• 독일의 후막 히터 시장
• 프랑스의 후막 히터 시장
• 스페인의 후막 히터 시장
• 이탈리아의 후막 히터 시장
• 영국의 후막 히터 시장

제9장 아시아태평양의 후막 히터 시장

• 아시아태평양의 후막 히터 시장 : 종류별
• 아시아태평양의 후막 히터 시장 : 용도별
• 일본의 후막 히터 시장
• 인도의 후막 히터 시장
• 중국의 후막 히터 시장
• 한국의 후막 히터 시장
• 인도네시아의 후막 히터 시장

제10장 기타 지역(ROW)의 후막 히터 시장

• ROW의 후막 히터 시장 : 종류별
• ROW의 후막 히터 시장 : 용도별
• 중동의 후막 히터 시장
• 남미의 후막 히터 시장
• 아프리카의 후막 히터 시장

제11장 경쟁 분석

• 제품 포트폴리오 분석
• 운영 통합
• Porter's Five Forces 분석
• 시장 점유율 분석

제12장 기회와 전략 분석

• 밸류체인 분석
• 성장 기회 분석
• 세계의 후막 히터 시장 최신 동향
• 전략 분석

제13장 밸류체인 전반에 걸친 주요 기업 개요

• 경쟁 분석
• NIBE
• Xinxiang Jieda Precision Electronics
• Guangxi GuiYi Science &Technology
• EGO
• Guangdong G-bell Technology
• Chromalox
• Ferro Techniek
• Watlow
• Noritake
• Midas

제14장 부록

영문목차

The future of the global thick film heater market looks promising with opportunities in the appliance, medical equipment, and industrial markets. The global thick film heater market is expected to grow with a CAGR of 4.2% from 2025 to 2031. The major drivers for this market are the increasing demand for energy efficient heating, the rising adoption of smart appliances, and the growing use in medical devices.

• Lucintel forecasts that, within the type category, ceramic thick film heater is expected to witness higher growth over the forecast period.
• Within the application category, industrial is expected to witness the highest growth.
• In terms of region, APAC is expected to witness the highest growth over the forecast period.

Emerging Trends in the Thick Film Heater Market

Emerging trends within the thick film heater market center on technology development, sustainability, and increasing application fields. These trends are transforming the market landscape by stimulating innovation, improving energy efficiency, and meeting particular industry demands. Recognizing these trends is essential for stakeholders to adjust and seize growth potential.

• Energy Efficiency and Smart Heating Solutions: Greater emphasis on energy savings leads to the creation of heaters with accurate temperature control and fast heating. Smarter integration with IoT and automation provides greater operational efficiency, especially in medical and industrial applications.
• Miniaturization and Lightweight Design: The need for compact components in electronics and medical technology encourages compact thick film heater designs. These allow them to be integrated into small devices with no performance compromise, and encourage applications in wearable technology and mobile equipment.
• Advanced Materials and Coating Technologies: Utilization of high-performance substrates and advanced coatings enhances heater longevity and heat dispersion. Materials that increase corrosion resistance and thermal conduction promote product durability and efficiency, broadening industrial application.
• Sustainability and Regulation Compliance: Tighter environmental regulations motivate the embracement of sustainable heating technologies. Producers emphasize recyclable materials and energy-efficient designs to address global standards, attracting environmentally aware consumers and industries.
• Tailored and Application-specific Solutions: Increasing demand for application-specific heating solutions results in creation of specialized heaters configured for specific demands in the automotive, healthcare, and consumer electronics industries. Customization enhances system efficiency and consumer satisfaction.

These emerging trends are collectively reshaping the thick film heater market into a dynamic, high-tech sector focused on intelligent and efficient thermal solutions. The shift toward miniaturization, smart integration, and flexible materials is broadening the addressable market beyond traditional appliances into high-growth areas like EV, medical, and IoT.

Recent Developments in the Thick Film Heater Market

The thick film heater industry has seen considerable recent developments that expand product features and applications. These advancements involve technological innovations, strategic alliances, and diversification into new markets, all supporting market growth and diversification.

• Technological Innovation in Heating Elements: Creation of heaters with enhanced response times, precision, and durability meets changing customer needs, especially in cutting-edge medical and industrial equipment.
• Strategic Partnerships and Alliances: Alliances between technology companies and manufacturers enable R&D, leading to innovative solutions and increased market reach. Joint ventures help speed up innovation and penetration into growth markets.
• Penetration into Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy: Increasing EV demand for reliable thermal solutions drives thick film heater usage. Integration into charging infrastructure and battery systems is a major area of growth.
• Adoption in Healthcare and Medical Equipment: Growing demand for accurate control of temperature in diagnostic and therapeutic devices boosts market growth, with innovations improving patient safety and equipment reliability.
• Improved Manufacturing Methods: Advances in manufacturing technologies lower costs and enhance quality, allowing scalable production and customization features to support different industry needs.

These five key developments underscore the thick film heater market is technical maturity and forward momentum. The integration of high-performance materials like AlN and the achievement of regulatory compliance through lead-free pastes address both performance and safety concerns.

Strategic Growth Opportunities in the Thick Film Heater Market

The market for thick film heater presents favorable growth opportunities in different applications fueled by increasing demand for energy-saving and space-saving heating solutions. Leveraging the opportunities is important to maintain competitive edge and grow business.

• Industrial Automation and Process Heating: Incorporation of thick film heaters into automated manufacturing systems improves accuracy and energy efficiency, aiding the development of intelligent factories and Industry 4.0 projects.
• Medical Devices and Diagnostics: Rising healthcare spending and need for advanced medical devices open up opportunities for heaters that ensure dependable heat management in devices such as analyzers and sterilizers.
• Automotive and Electric Vehicles: Battery thermal management in EVs and cabin heaters offer high growth potential, boosted by EV penetration worldwide and regulatory inducements for environmentally friendly technologies.
• Consumer Appliances: Demand for efficient and space-saving heating in kitchen and domestic appliances stimulates development of customized thick film heaters satisfying customer demands.
• Telecommunications and Electronics: Increasing demand for temperature control in delicate electronic devices drives usage in telecom equipment and consumer electronics, where reliability and miniaturization are essential.

These five application-specific opportunities highlight a clear market direction: moving away from general heating toward specialized, high-performance thermal management. Targeting the EV, Medical, and Semiconductor sectors promises high-margin growth due to the critical nature of these applications.

Thick Film Heater Market Driver and Challenges

The market for thick film heater is driven by a range of drivers and challenges, ranging from technological innovations to economic considerations and regulatory contexts. Awareness of these drivers and challenges is critical to successful market intelligence and strategic direction.

The factors responsible for driving the thick film heater market include:

1. Growing Need for Energy Efficiency: Soaring energy prices and eco-pressure drive energy-saving heaters adoption, fueling market development through innovative and product breakthroughs.

2. Technological Advances: Material and manufacturing innovations enhance heater efficiency and durability, opening new markets and increasing competitiveness.

3. Increasing Application Fields: Expansion in automotive, medical, and industrial sectors raises demand, offering diversified revenue streams and stability.

4. Government Stimuli and Rules: Regulations promoting energy-efficient technologies create market adoption and R&D investment stimuli.

5. Consumer Preference and Demand: Increased demand for sustainable, safe, and efficient heating solution influences demand in residential and commercial markets.

Challenges in the thick film heater market are:

1. Competition from Substitute Technologies: New heating technologies and alternative products are threats to market share, requiring ongoing innovation.

2. Raw Material Cost Volatility: Volatile costs of major materials influence manufacturing costs and product pricing, eroding profitability.

3. Technological Sophistication and Manufacturing Costs: High levels of manufacturing sophistication raise complexity and cost, potentially inhibiting smaller manufacturers from competing effectively.

The market for thick film heaters is defined by a mix of innovative innovations, new trends, and strategic expansion possibilities backed by robust drivers. Challenges like competition and cost fluctuation necessitate stakeholders to prioritize ongoing innovations and efficiency enhancements. Comprehensively, these are propelling the markets evolution towards more energy-efficient, compact, and application-specific solutions for heat, which will continue to expand and be technologically leading.

List of Thick Film Heater Companies

Companies in the market compete on the basis of product quality offered. Major players in this market focus on expanding their manufacturing facilities, R&D investments, infrastructural development, and leverage integration opportunities across the value chain. With these strategies thick film heater companies cater increasing demand, ensure competitive effectiveness, develop innovative products & technologies, reduce production costs, and expand their customer base. Some of the thick film heater companies profiled in this report include-

• NIBE
• Xinxiang Jieda Precision Electronics
• Guangxi GuiYi Science & Technology
• EGO
• Guangdong G-bell Technology
• Chromalox
• Ferro Techniek
• Watlow
• Noritake
• Midas

Thick Film Heater Market by Segment

The study includes a forecast for the global thick film heater market by type, application, and region.

Thick Film Heater Market by Type [Value from 2019 to 2031]:

• Metal Thick Film Heater
• Ceramic Thick Film Heater

Thick Film Heater Market by Application [Value from 2019 to 2031]:

• Appliances
• Medical Equipment
• Industrial
• Others

Thick Film Heater Market by Region [Value from 2019 to 2031]:

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• The Rest of the World

Country Wise Outlook for the Thick Film Heater Market

The thick film heater industry is transforming at a fast pace with technological advancements, energy efficiency requirements, and growing applications in various industries. With development gaining momentum all over the world, nations such as the United States, China, Germany, India, and Japan are witnessing unique developments fueled by industrial development, health needs, and the integration of smart technology. National developments are influencing market dynamics through product development, strategic partnerships, and regulatory measures encouraging eco-friendly and energy-efficient heating solutions.

• United States: The US thick film heater industry is spurred by the expansion of the electronics manufacturing industry and increased demand for energy-saving components. Technological advancements in automotive and aerospace segments have driven compact, dependable heating elements. Major manufacturers invest in research and development to manufacture configurable and long-lasting heaters for industrial automation and medical devices, aided by government support for energy conservation.
• China: China is experiencing strong market growth driven by industrialization and the surge in electronics manufacturing. The growing popularity of smart appliances and electric cars has boosted demand for high-performance heaters. Domestic manufacturers pay attention to upgrading production technology for ceramic thick film heaters, increasing temperature control accuracy for consumer electronics and alternative energy uses.
• Germany: Germany tops the list with precision engineering and robust automotive and medical sectors driving thick film heater development. Latest trends focus on integrating high-end materials for enhanced thermal efficiency. Collaborative partnerships between manufacturers and research centers foster innovations, particularly in electric vehicle battery thermal management and medical diagnostic equipment, making Germany a technology powerhouse.
• India: The Indian economy is aided by growing industrial automation and increasing penetration of appliances. Spending on smart manufacturing and healthcare infrastructure adds to the demand for energy-efficient heaters. Local firms in India are improving their ability to manufacture cheap thick film heaters suited to local requirements, backed by government policies supporting green technologies and local production.
• Japan: Japan is all about miniaturization and high-performance materials in thick film heaters, spurred by its high electronics and auto industries. Focus on precise temperature control for semiconductor production and medical equipment is what triggers innovation. Ongoing R&D and collaborations with technology companies fuel development of long-lasting energy-efficient heaters that are in tune with sustainability objectives.

Features of the Global Thick Film Heater Market

• Market Size Estimates: Thick film heater market size estimation in terms of value ($B).
• Trend and Forecast Analysis: Market trends (2019 to 2024) and forecast (2025 to 2031) by various segments and regions.
• Segmentation Analysis: Thick film heater market size by type, application, and region in terms of value ($B).
• Regional Analysis: Thick film heater market breakdown by North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Rest of the World.
• Growth Opportunities: Analysis of growth opportunities in different types, applications, and regions for the thick film heater market.
• Strategic Analysis: This includes M&A, new product development, and competitive landscape of the thick film heater market.

Analysis of competitive intensity of the industry based on Porter's Five Forces model.

This report answers following 11 key questions:

• Q.1. What are some of the most promising, high-growth opportunities for the thick film heater market by type (metal thick film heater and ceramic thick film heater), application (appliances, medical equipment, industrial, and others), and region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Rest of the World)?
• Q.2. Which segments will grow at a faster pace and why?
• Q.3. Which region will grow at a faster pace and why?
• Q.4. What are the key factors affecting market dynamics? What are the key challenges and business risks in this market?
• Q.5. What are the business risks and competitive threats in this market?
• Q.6. What are the emerging trends in this market and the reasons behind them?
• Q.7. What are some of the changing demands of customers in the market?
• Q.8. What are the new developments in the market? Which companies are leading these developments?
• Q.9. Who are the major players in this market? What strategic initiatives are key players pursuing for business growth?
• Q.10. What are some of the competing products in this market and how big of a threat do they pose for loss of market share by material or product substitution?
• Q.11. What M&A activity has occurred in the last 5 years and what has its impact been on the industry?

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

2. Market Overview

• 2.1 Background and Classifications
• 2.2 Supply Chain

3. Market Trends & Forecast Analysis

• 3.1 Macroeconomic Trends and Forecasts
• 3.2 Industry Drivers and Challenges
• 3.3 PESTLE Analysis
• 3.4 Patent Analysis
• 3.5 Regulatory Environment

4. Global Thick Film Heater Market by Type

• 4.1 Overview
• 4.2 Attractiveness Analysis by Type
• 4.3 Metal Thick Film Heater : Trends and Forecast (2019-2031)
• 4.4 Ceramic Thick Film Heater : Trends and Forecast (2019-2031)

5. Global Thick Film Heater Market by Application

• 5.1 Overview
• 5.2 Attractiveness Analysis by Application
• 5.3 Appliances : Trends and Forecast (2019-2031)
• 5.4 Medical Equipment : Trends and Forecast (2019-2031)
• 5.5 Industrial : Trends and Forecast (2019-2031)
• 5.6 Others : Trends and Forecast (2019-2031)

6. Regional Analysis

• 6.1 Overview
• 6.2 Global Thick Film Heater Market by Region

7. North American Thick Film Heater Market

• 7.1 Overview
• 7.2 North American Thick Film Heater Market by Type
• 7.3 North American Thick Film Heater Market by Application
• 7.4 The United States Thick Film Heater Market
• 7.5 Canadian Thick Film Heater Market
• 7.6 Mexican Thick Film Heater Market

8. European Thick Film Heater Market

• 8.1 Overview
• 8.2 European Thick Film Heater Market by Type
• 8.3 European Thick Film Heater Market by Application
• 8.4 German Thick Film Heater Market
• 8.5 French Thick Film Heater Market
• 8.6 Italian Thick Film Heater Market
• 8.7 Spanish Thick Film Heater Market
• 8.8 The United Kingdom Thick Film Heater Market

9. APAC Thick Film Heater Market

• 9.1 Overview
• 9.2 APAC Thick Film Heater Market by Type
• 9.3 APAC Thick Film Heater Market by Application
• 9.4 Chinese Thick Film Heater Market
• 9.5 Indian Thick Film Heater Market
• 9.6 Japanese Thick Film Heater Market
• 9.7 South Korean Thick Film Heater Market
• 9.8 Indonesian Thick Film Heater Market

10. ROW Thick Film Heater Market

• 10.1 Overview
• 10.2 ROW Thick Film Heater Market by Type
• 10.3 ROW Thick Film Heater Market by Application
• 10.4 Middle Eastern Thick Film Heater Market
• 10.5 South American Thick Film Heater Market
• 10.6 African Thick Film Heater Market

11. Competitor Analysis

• 11.1 Product Portfolio Analysis
• 11.2 Operational Integration
• 11.3 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
  • Competitive Rivalry
  • Bargaining Power of Buyers
  • Bargaining Power of Suppliers
  • Threat of Substitutes
  • Threat of New Entrants
• 11.4 Market Share Analysis

12. Opportunities & Strategic Analysis

• 12.1 Value Chain Analysis
• 12.2 Growth Opportunity Analysis
  • 12.2.1 Growth Opportunity by Type
  • 12.2.2 Growth Opportunity by Application
• 12.3 Emerging Trends in the Global Thick Film Heater Market
• 12.4 Strategic Analysis
  • 12.4.1 New Product Development
  • 12.4.2 Certification and Licensing
  • 12.4.3 Mergers, Acquisitions, Agreements, Collaborations, and Joint Ventures

13. Company Profiles of the Leading Players Across the Value Chain

• 13.1 Competitive Analysis Overview
• 13.2 NIBE
  • Company Overview
  • Thick Film Heater Market Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 13.3 Xinxiang Jieda Precision Electronics
  • Company Overview
  • Thick Film Heater Market Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 13.4 Guangxi GuiYi Science & Technology
  • Company Overview
  • Thick Film Heater Market Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 13.5 EGO
  • Company Overview
  • Thick Film Heater Market Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 13.6 Guangdong G-bell Technology
  • Company Overview
  • Thick Film Heater Market Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 13.7 Chromalox
  • Company Overview
  • Thick Film Heater Market Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 13.8 Ferro Techniek
  • Company Overview
  • Thick Film Heater Market Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 13.9 Watlow
  • Company Overview
  • Thick Film Heater Market Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 13.10 Noritake
  • Company Overview
  • Thick Film Heater Market Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 13.11 Midas
  • Company Overview
  • Thick Film Heater Market Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing

14. Appendix

• 14.1 List of Figures
• 14.2 List of Tables
• 14.3 Research Methodology
• 14.4 Disclaimer
• 14.5 Copyright
• 14.6 Abbreviations and Technical Units
• 14.7 About Us
• 14.8 Contact Us