한글목차

세계의 무수프탈산(PA) 시장의 미래는 자동차, 건축 및 건설, 전기 및 전자, 농업, 의료 시장에서의 기회로 인해 유망합니다. 세계 무수프탈산(PA) 시장은 2025-2031년 CAGR 3.8%로 2031년까지 약 46억 달러에 달할 것으로 예측됩니다. 이 시장의 주요 촉진요인은 플라스틱 생산에서 무수프탈산(PA) 사용량 증가, 건축 및 건설, 자동차, 페인트 및 코팅, 전기 및 전자, 해운, 농업 산업 수요 증가, 폴리우레탄 생산 수요 증가로 인한 폴리우레탄 생산 수요 증가, 폴리 에스테르 폴리올 수요 증가로 인한 폴리우레탄 생산 수요 증가입니다.

• 무수프탈산은 비교적 저렴하게 생산할 수 있기 때문에 제조업체에게 매력적인 선택이 되고 있습니다.
• 최종 용도 부문에서는 무수프탈산(PA)이 몇몇 중요한 건축자재 생산에 필수적인 성분이기 때문에 건축 및 건설 부문이 가장 큰 부문으로 남을 것으로 예측됩니다.
• 지역별로는 아시아태평양이 낮은 운영 비용과 PVC와 같은 폴리머 수요 증가로 인해 예측 기간 동안 가장 규모가 큰 지역으로 남을 것으로 예측됩니다.

무수프탈산(PA) 시장의 전략적 성장 기회

무수프탈산(PA) 시장은 기술 발전과 소비자 선호도 변화에 힘입어 주요 응용 분야에서 다양한 전략적 성장 기회를 제공합니다.

• 자동차 분야: 자동차 분야는 내구성이 뛰어난 고성능 소재가 요구되고 있으며, 큰 성장 기회가 있습니다. 개발업체는 자동차 코팅제 및 접착제에 맞는 특수한 무수 프탈레이트 배합을 개발할 수 있습니다.
• 건설 산업: 건설 산업은 특히 수지 및 가소제 제조에 있어 무수프탈산(PA)의 주요 소비처입니다. 이 부문을 공략함으로써 시장 침투를 높이고 매출 성장을 가속할 수 있습니다.
• 코팅제 및 페인트: 페인트 및 코팅제에서 무수프탈산(PA)의 사용이 증가함에 따라 유리한 기회를 제공합니다. 시장은 고성능, 친환경 배합 개발에 집중하여 시장 점유율을 확보할 수 있습니다.
• 섬유 산업: 섬유 산업에서 가소제와 수지에 대한 수요가 증가하고 있으며, 성장의 길이 열리고 있습니다. 특정 섬유 응용 분야의 요구에 맞게 무수프탈산(PA) 제품을 조정하여 경쟁력을 높일 수 있습니다.
• 재생에너지 분야: 재생에너지 분야가 성장함에 따라 태양광 패널, 풍력 터빈 부품 등의 용도로 무수프탈산(PA)이 사용될 가능성이 있습니다. 이 부문을 개척함으로써 기술 혁신과 수익 확대를 촉진할 수 있습니다.

이러한 전략적 성장 기회는 무수프탈산(PA) 시장을 크게 강화하여 제조업체가 혁신을 일으키고 진화하는 산업 수요를 충족시킬 수 있게 해줍니다.

무수프탈산(PA) 시장 성장 촉진요인 및 과제

무수프탈산(PA) 시장은 다양한 촉진요인 및 과제에 영향을 받아 성장 궤적과 시장 역학을 형성합니다. 이러한 요인에는 기술 발전, 경제 동향, 규제 프레임워크 등이 포함됩니다.

무수프탈산(PA) 시장을 이끄는 요인은 다음과 같습니다.

• 최종 사용 산업에서 수요 증가: 자동차, 건축, 섬유 등의 부문에서 무수프탈산(PA)에 대한 수요 증가가 시장 성장의 주요 원인입니다. 이러한 수요는 생산과 기술 혁신을 촉진하고 제조업체에 새로운 기회를 제공합니다.
• 기술 발전 : 생산 기술의 지속적인 개선으로 효율성이 향상되고 비용이 절감됨에 따라 무수프탈산(PA)은 다양한 산업에서 더 쉽게 사용할 수 있게 되었습니다. 이러한 발전은 경쟁력을 유지하는 데 필수적입니다.
• 규제 준수: 환경 규제가 강화됨에 따라 제조업체는 프로세스를 혁신하고 적응해야 합니다. 규정 준수는 제품의 매력도를 높일 뿐만 아니라, 지속가능성을 중시하는 새로운 시장의 문을 열어줄 수 있습니다.
• 지속가능성에 대한 노력: 환경 문제에 대한 소비자의 인식이 높아짐에 따라 친환경 제품에 대한 수요가 증가하고 있습니다. 제조업체들은 지속가능성 이니셔티브에 투자하고 있으며, 이는 시장에서 경쟁 우위를 창출하고 있습니다.
• 세계 시장 확대: 공급망의 세계화와 신흥 시장에서의 무역 기회 증가는 큰 성장 잠재력을 가지고 있습니다. 제조업체들은 이러한 기회를 활용하여 시장 확대를 도모할 수 있습니다.

무수프탈산(PA) 시장의 과제는 다음과 같습니다.

• 원자재 가격 변동: 원자재 가격 변동: 원자재 가격 변동은 생산 수익성에 영향을 미칠 수 있으며, 제조업체가 경쟁력 있는 가격 설정을 유지하기가 어렵습니다.
• 치열한 경쟁: 시장에는 다수의 기존 진입기업이 존재하여 경쟁이 치열하며, 시장 점유율을 유지하기 위해서는 지속적인 기술 혁신과 차별화가 필요합니다.
• 규제적 장애물: 복잡한 규제 환경을 헤쳐나가는 것은 특히 신규 진출기업에게 어려운 일입니다. 특히 중소기업의 경우, 컴플라이언스 비용이 성장의 걸림돌이 될 수 있습니다.

이러한 촉진요인 및 과제는 무수프탈산(PA) 시장에 큰 영향을 미치고, 제조업체의 전략에 영향을 미치고, 생산 및 응용 기술의 미래 개척을 이끌어 낼 것입니다.

목차

제1장 주요 요약

제2장 세계의 무수프탈산(PA) 시장 : 시장 역학

• 서론, 배경, 분류
• 공급망
• 산업 촉진요인과 과제

제3장 시장 동향과 예측 분석(2019-2031년)

• 거시경제 동향(2019-2024년)과 예측(2025-2031년)
• 세계의 무수프탈산(PA) 시장 동향(2019-2024년)과 예측(2025-2031년)
• 유도체별 : 세계의 무수프탈산(PA) 시장
  • Phthalimide
  • Phenolphthalein
  • Phthalate esters
  • Phthalein
  • 기타
• 용도별 : 세계의 무수프탈산(PA) 시장
  • 불포화 폴리에스테르수지
  • 가소제
  • 알키드 수지
  • 염료 및 안료
  • 내화물
  • 기타
• 최종 용도별 : 세계의 무수프탈산(PA) 시장
  • 자동차
  • 건축 및 건설
  • 전기 및 전자
  • 농업
  • 의료
  • 기타

제4장 지역별 시장 동향과 예측 분석(2019-2031년)

• 지역별 무수프탈산(PA) 시장
• 북미의 무수프탈산(PA) 시장
• 유럽의 무수프탈산(PA) 시장
• 아시아태평양의 무수프탈산(PA) 시장
• 기타 지역의 무수프탈산(PA) 시장

제5장 경쟁 분석

• 제품 포트폴리오 분석
• 운영 통합
• Porter의 Five Forces 분석

제6장 성장 기회와 전략 분석

• 성장 기회 분석
  • 유도체별 : 세계의 무수프탈산(PA) 시장 성장 기회
  • 용도별 : 세계의 무수프탈산(PA) 시장 성장 기회
  • 최종 용도별 : 세계의 무수프탈산(PA) 시장 성장 기회
  • 지역별 무수프탈산(PA) 시장 성장 기회
• 세계 무수프탈산(PA) 시장의 새로운 동향
• 전략 분석
  • 신제품 개발
  • 세계의 무수프탈산(PA) 시장 생산능력 확대
  • 세계 무수프탈산(PA) 시장에서의 인수합병(M&A) 및 합작투자(JV)
  • 인증 및 라이선싱

제7장 주요 기업 개요

• Shandong Hongxin Chemical
• IG Petrochemicals
• Exxon Mobil
• Nan Ya Plastics
• Aekyung Petrochemical
• BASF
• Mitsubishi Gas Chemical
• C-Chem
• Thirumalai Chemicals
• Koppers

영문목차

The future of the global phthalic anhydride market looks promising with opportunities in the automotive, building & construction, electrical & electronic, agriculture, and healthcare markets. The global phthalic anhydride market is expected to reach an estimated $4.6 billion by 2031 with a CAGR of 3.8% from 2025 to 2031. The major drivers for this market are the rising usage of phthalic anhydride in the production of plastics, increased demand from the building and construction, automotive, paints and coatings, electrical and electronics, maritime, and agricultural industries, and increased demand in the production of polyurethanes as a result of rising demand for polyester polyols.

• Lucintel forecasts that, within the application category, plasticizers will remain the largest segment over the forecast period due to phthalate plasticizers are relatively inexpensive to produce, making them an attractive option for manufacturers.
• Within the end use category, building & construction will remain the largest segment due to phthalic anhydride being a crucial ingredient in the production of several essential building materials.
• In terms of region, APAC will remain the largest region over the forecast period due to lower cost of operation and rising demand for polymers such as PVC will drive the region's market.

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Emerging Trends in the Phthalic Anhydride Market

The phthalic anhydride market is undergoing several emerging trends that reflect technological advancements, regulatory changes, and evolving consumer preferences. These trends are reshaping the industry and influencing product development strategies.

• Sustainability Focus: Manufacturers are increasingly prioritizing sustainability by developing eco-friendly production methods and exploring bio-based alternatives to traditional phthalic anhydride. This trend responds to consumer demand for environmentally responsible products.
• Technological Innovations: Continuous advancements in production technologies are enhancing efficiency and reducing costs. Innovations such as continuous processing and catalytic methods are gaining traction, leading to higher quality products with lower energy consumption.
• Increasing Demand from Emerging Markets: Rapid industrialization and urbanization in emerging markets, particularly in Asia, are driving demand for phthalic anhydride in construction, automotive, and packaging applications. This trend offers significant growth opportunities for manufacturers.
• Customization and Specialty Products: There is a growing demand for customized and specialty phthalic anhydride products tailored to specific applications. Manufacturers are investing in R&D to develop high-performance grades that meet the unique requirements of various industries.
• Regulatory Compliance: Stricter environmental regulations are prompting manufacturers to adapt their processes and formulations to ensure compliance. This trend drives innovation in product development and waste reduction strategies.

These emerging trends are reshaping the phthalic anhydride market, driving sustainability and innovation while meeting the evolving demands of various industries.

Recent Developments in the Phthalic Anhydride Market

Recent key developments in the phthalic anhydride market highlight significant advancements that improve production efficiency, sustainability, and product quality.

• Investment in Eco-friendly Production: Several companies are investing in green chemistry approaches to produce phthalic anhydride. These eco-friendly methods reduce harmful emissions and align with global sustainability goals, attracting environmentally conscious consumers.
• Expansion of Production Capacity: Major players are expanding their production facilities to meet rising demand. This expansion is critical for addressing supply shortages and ensuring that manufacturers can cater to growing markets in the construction and automotive sectors.
• Research Collaborations: Partnerships between manufacturers and academic institutions are fostering innovation in phthalic anhydride applications. These collaborations are leading to the development of advanced materials that meet specific industry needs, enhancing product offerings.
• Focus on High-Purity Products: There is an increasing focus on producing high-purity phthalic anhydride to meet stringent quality standards in specialized applications. This shift enhances product performance and expands market opportunities.
• Sustainability Certifications: Companies are obtaining sustainability certifications to demonstrate their commitment to environmental stewardship. These certifications enhance brand reputation and appeal to eco-conscious consumers, driving market growth.

These developments significantly impact the phthalic anhydride market, driving innovation and sustainability while addressing industry demands.

Strategic Growth Opportunities for Phthalic Anhydride Market

The phthalic anhydride market presents various strategic growth opportunities across key applications, driven by technological advancements and evolving consumer preferences.

• Automotive Applications: The automotive sector's demand for durable and high-performance materials offers significant growth opportunities. Manufacturers can develop specialized phthalic anhydride formulations tailored to automotive coatings and adhesives.
• Construction Industry: The construction industry is a major consumer of phthalic anhydride, particularly in the production of resins and plasticizers. Targeting this sector can enhance market penetration and drive sales growth.
• Coatings and Paints: The increasing use of phthalic anhydride in coatings and paints presents a lucrative opportunity. Manufacturers can focus on developing high-performance and eco-friendly formulations to capture market share.
• Textile Industry: The textile industry's demand for plasticizers and resins opens avenues for growth. Tailoring phthalic anhydride products to meet specific textile application needs can enhance competitiveness.
• Renewable Energy Applications: As the renewable energy sector grows, there is potential for phthalic anhydride in applications like solar panels and wind turbine components. Exploring this sector can drive innovation and revenue growth.

These strategic growth opportunities can significantly enhance the phthalic anhydride market, enabling manufacturers to innovate and cater to evolving industry demands.

Phthalic Anhydride Market Driver and Challenges

The phthalic anhydride market is influenced by various drivers and challenges, shaping its growth trajectory and market dynamics. These factors include technological advancements, economic trends, and regulatory frameworks.

The factors driving the phthalic anhydride market include:

• Growing Demand in End-use Industries: The increasing demand for phthalic anhydride in sectors such as automotive, construction, and textiles is a primary driver of market growth. This demand fuels production and innovation, creating new opportunities for manufacturers.
• Technological Advancements: Continuous improvements in production technologies enhance efficiency and reduce costs, making phthalic anhydride more accessible to various industries. These advancements are critical for maintaining competitiveness.
• Regulatory Compliance: Stricter environmental regulations compel manufacturers to innovate and adapt their processes. Compliance not only enhances product appeal but also opens doors to new markets focused on sustainability.
• Sustainability Initiatives: Rising consumer awareness of environmental issues drives demand for eco-friendly products. Manufacturers are investing in sustainable practices, creating a competitive advantage in the market.
• Global Market Expansion: The globalization of supply chains and increased trade opportunities in emerging markets offer significant growth potential. Manufacturers can capitalize on these opportunities to expand their reach.

Challenges in the phthalic anhydride market include:

• Volatility of Raw Material Prices: Fluctuations in raw material costs can impact production profitability, making it challenging for manufacturers to maintain competitive pricing.
• Intense Competition: The presence of numerous established players in the market creates fierce competition, requiring continuous innovation and differentiation to retain market share.
• Regulatory Hurdles: Navigating complex regulatory environments can be challenging, particularly for new entrants. Compliance costs may hinder growth, especially for smaller companies.

These drivers and challenges significantly impact the phthalic anhydride market, influencing strategies for manufacturers and guiding future developments in production and application technologies.

List of Phthalic Anhydride Companies

Companies in the market compete based on product quality offered. Major players in this market focus on expanding their manufacturing facilities, R&D investments, infrastructural development, and leverage integration opportunities across the value chain. Through these strategies phthalic anhydride companies cater increasing demand, ensure competitive effectiveness, develop innovative products & technologies, reduce production costs, and expand their customer base. Some of the phthalic anhydride companies profiled in this report include-

• Shandong Hongxin Chemical
• IG Petrochemicals
• Exxon Mobil
• Nan Ya Plastics
• Aekyung Petrochemical
• BASF
• Mitsubishi Gas Chemical
• C-Chem
• Thirumalai Chemicals
• Koppers

Phthalic Anhydride by Segment

The study includes a forecast for the global phthalic anhydride market by derivative, application, end use, and region.

Phthalic Anhydride Market by Derivative [Analysis by Value from 2019 to 2031]:

• Phthalimide
• Phenolphthalein
• Phthalate esters
• Phthalein
• Others

Phthalic Anhydride Market by Application [Analysis by Value from 2019 to 2031]:

• Unsaturated Polyester Resin
• Plasticizers
• Alkyd Resin
• Dyes and Pigments
• Flame Retardants
• Others

Phthalic Anhydride Market by End Use [Analysis by Value from 2019 to 2031]:

• Automotive
• Building & Construction
• Electrical & Electronics
• Agriculture
• Healthcare
• Others

Phthalic Anhydride Market by Region [Analysis by Value from 2019 to 2031]:

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• The Rest of the World

Country Wise Outlook for the Phthalic Anhydride Market

The phthalic anhydride market is witnessing significant developments across key regions, including the United States, China, Germany, India, and Japan. These changes are driven by rising demand from various end-use industries, including plastics, coatings, and adhesives. Additionally, advancements in production technologies and environmental regulations are shaping market dynamics. As sustainability becomes a priority, manufacturers are adapting their processes and products to align with changing regulatory frameworks and consumer preferences.

• United States: In the U.S., the phthalic anhydride market is evolving with a focus on sustainability and compliance with environmental regulations. Companies are investing in more efficient production methods and exploring bio-based alternatives to traditional phthalic anhydride. Increased demand from the construction and automotive sectors is also driving market growth, as these industries seek durable and high-performance materials.
• China: China's phthalic anhydride market is characterized by robust growth, largely fueled by the booming plastics and coatings industries. Recent advancements include the expansion of production capacity and the development of high-purity grades of phthalic anhydride. Local manufacturers are increasingly focusing on R&D to innovate and reduce reliance on imports, catering to the domestic demand for quality products.
• Germany: In Germany, recent developments in the phthalic anhydride market emphasize sustainability and technological innovation. The market is witnessing a shift toward eco-friendly production methods, as companies aim to reduce emissions and waste. Additionally, partnerships between manufacturers and research institutions are fostering advancements in product quality and new application areas, strengthening Germany's position in the global market.
• India: India's phthalic anhydride market is growing rapidly due to rising demand from end-use sectors such as textiles and plastics. Recent developments include the establishment of new production facilities aimed at increasing domestic supply and reducing imports. Indian manufacturers are also focusing on enhancing product quality and exploring sustainable practices to meet both local and international standards.
• Japan: In Japan, the phthalic anhydride market is evolving with a focus on high-quality and specialty applications. Recent developments include investments in advanced manufacturing technologies to improve efficiency and reduce environmental impact. Japanese companies are also exploring collaborations for developing innovative applications, particularly in the automotive and electronics sectors, which demand high-performance materials.

Features of the Global Phthalic Anhydride Market

Market Size Estimates: Phthalic anhydride market size estimation in terms of value ($B).

Trend and Forecast Analysis: Market trends (2019 to 2024) and forecast (2025 to 2031) by various segments and regions.

Segmentation Analysis: Phthalic anhydride market size by derivative, application, end use, and region in terms of value ($B).

Regional Analysis: Phthalic anhydride market breakdown by North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Rest of the World.

Growth Opportunities: Analysis of growth opportunities in different derivatives, applications, end use, and regions for the phthalic anhydride market.

Strategic Analysis: This includes M&A, new product development, and competitive landscape of the phthalic anhydride market.

Analysis of competitive intensity of the industry based on Porter's Five Forces model.

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This report answers the following 11 key questions:

• Q.1. What are some of the most promising, high-growth opportunities for the phthalic anhydride market by derivative (phthalimide, phenolphthalein, phthalate esters, phthalein, and others), application (unsaturated polyester resin, plasticizers, alkyd resin, dyes and pigments, flame retardants, and others), end use (automotive, building & construction, electrical & electronics, agriculture, healthcare, and others), and region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Rest of the World)?
• Q.2. Which segments will grow at a faster pace and why?
• Q.3. Which region will grow at a faster pace and why?
• Q.4. What are the key factors affecting market dynamics? What are the key challenges and business risks in this market?
• Q.5. What are the business risks and competitive threats in this market?
• Q.6. What are the emerging trends in this market and the reasons behind them?
• Q.7. What are some of the changing demands of customers in the market?
• Q.8. What are the new developments in the market? Which companies are leading these developments?
• Q.9. Who are the major players in this market? What strategic initiatives are key players pursuing for business growth?
• Q.10. What are some of the competing products in this market and how big of a threat do they pose for loss of market share by material or product substitution?
• Q.11. What M&A activity has occurred in the last 5 years and what has its impact been on the industry?

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

2. Global Phthalic Anhydride Market : Market Dynamics

• 2.1: Introduction, Background, and Classifications
• 2.2: Supply Chain
• 2.3: Industry Drivers and Challenges

3. Market Trends and Forecast Analysis from 2019 to 2031

• 3.1. Macroeconomic Trends (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2031)
• 3.2. Global Phthalic Anhydride Market Trends (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2031)
• 3.3: Global Phthalic Anhydride Market by Derivative
  • 3.3.1: Phthalimide
  • 3.3.2: Phenolphthalein
  • 3.3.3: Phthalate esters
  • 3.3.4: Phthalein
  • 3.3.5: Others
• 3.4: Global Phthalic Anhydride Market by Application
  • 3.4.1: Unsaturated Polyester Resin
  • 3.4.2: Plasticizers
  • 3.4.3: Alkyd Resin
  • 3.4.4: Dyes and Pigments
  • 3.4.5: Flame Retardants
  • 3.4.6: Others
• 3.5: Global Phthalic Anhydride Market by End Use
  • 3.5.1: Automotive
  • 3.5.2: Building & construction
  • 3.5.3: Electrical & electronics
  • 3.5.4: Agriculture
  • 3.5.5: Healthcare
  • 3.5.6: Others

4. Market Trends and Forecast Analysis by Region from 2019 to 2031

• 4.1: Global Phthalic Anhydride Market by Region
• 4.2: North American Phthalic Anhydride Market
  • 4.2.1: North American Phthalic Anhydride Market by Application: Unsaturated Polyester Resin, Plasticizers, Alkyd Resin, Dyes and Pigments, Flame Retardants, and Others
  • 4.2.2: North American Phthalic Anhydride Market by End Use: Automotive, Building & construction, Electrical & electronics, Agriculture, Healthcare, and Others
• 4.3: European Phthalic Anhydride Market
  • 4.3.1: European Phthalic Anhydride Market by Application: Unsaturated Polyester Resin, Plasticizers, Alkyd Resin, Dyes and Pigments, Flame Retardants, and Others
  • 4.3.2: European Phthalic Anhydride Market by End Use: Automotive, Building & construction, Electrical & electronics, Agriculture, Healthcare, and Others
• 4.4: APAC Phthalic Anhydride Market
  • 4.4.1: APAC Phthalic Anhydride Market by Application: Unsaturated Polyester Resin, Plasticizers, Alkyd Resin, Dyes and Pigments, Flame Retardants, and Others
  • 4.4.2: APAC Phthalic Anhydride Market by End Use: Automotive, Building & construction, Electrical & electronics, Agriculture, Healthcare, and Others
• 4.5: ROW Phthalic Anhydride Market
  • 4.5.1: ROW Phthalic Anhydride Market by Application: Unsaturated Polyester Resin, Plasticizers, Alkyd Resin, Dyes and Pigments, Flame Retardants, and Others
  • 4.5.2: ROW Phthalic Anhydride Market by End Use: Automotive, Building & construction, Electrical & electronics, Agriculture, Healthcare, and Others

5. Competitor Analysis

• 5.1: Product Portfolio Analysis
• 5.2: Operational Integration
• 5.3: Porter's Five Forces Analysis

6. Growth Opportunities and Strategic Analysis

• 6.1: Growth Opportunity Analysis
  • 6.1.1: Growth Opportunities for the Global Phthalic Anhydride Market by Derivative
  • 6.1.2: Growth Opportunities for the Global Phthalic Anhydride Market by Application
  • 6.1.3: Growth Opportunities for the Global Phthalic Anhydride Market by End Use
  • 6.1.4: Growth Opportunities for the Global Phthalic Anhydride Market by Region
• 6.2: Emerging Trends in the Global Phthalic Anhydride Market
• 6.3: Strategic Analysis
  • 6.3.1: New Product Development
  • 6.3.2: Capacity Expansion of the Global Phthalic Anhydride Market
  • 6.3.3: Mergers, Acquisitions, and Joint Ventures in the Global Phthalic Anhydride Market
  • 6.3.4: Certification and Licensing

7. Company Profiles of Leading Players

• 7.1: Shandong Hongxin Chemical
• 7.2: IG Petrochemicals
• 7.3: Exxon Mobil
• 7.4: Nan Ya Plastics
• 7.5: Aekyung Petrochemical
• 7.6: BASF
• 7.7: Mitsubishi Gas Chemical
• 7.8: C-Chem
• 7.9: Thirumalai Chemicals
• 7.10: Koppers