한글목차

세계 검로진 시장의 미래는 접착제 및 밀봉제, 고무, 페인트 및 코팅제, 인쇄 잉크, 식품 및 음료 시장에서 기회가 있을 것으로 보입니다. 세계 검로진 시장은 2025년부터 2031년까지 4.8%의 CAGR로 2031년까지 약 24억 달러에 달할 것으로 예상됩니다. 이 시장의 주요 촉진요인은 바이오 기반 실란트 및 접착제에 대한 수요 증가와 다양한 최종 용도에서의 요구 증가입니다.

• Lucintel의 예측에 따르면, 종류별로는 WW 타입이 종이 사이징에 채택되고 있기 때문에 예측 기간 동안 WW 타입이 가장 큰 부문으로 남을 것으로 예상했습니다.
• 제품 유형별로는 접착제 및 실란트가 자동차 생산과 주택 및 상업용 건축의 증가로 인해 가장 높은 성장세를 보일 것으로 예상됩니다.
• 지역별로는 제품을 사용하는 산업이 다양해짐에 따라 북미가 예측 기간 동안 가장 큰 지역으로 남을 것으로 보입니다.

검로진 시장의 전략적 성장 기회

검로진 시장의 전략적 성장의 주요 기회는 기술 발전, 지속가능성, 다양한 용도의 산업 수요에서 비롯됩니다. 이러한 새로운 기회를 활용하면 검로진과 관련된 응용 분야에서 시장에서의 입지를 높이고 기술 혁신을 이룰 수 있습니다.

• 접착제 산업의 성장 수단 : 접착제 산업은 검로진을 이용한 고강도 접착제 및 특수 접착제 개발에서 우수한 성장 경로를 제공합니다. 효과적이고 강력한 접착제에 대한 수요가 증가함에 따라 접착력을 강화하는 검로진의 특성은 흥미로운 시장 확대 기회를 제공할 것으로 보입니다.
• 코팅제 및 잉크의 성장 : 코팅제 및 잉크에서 검로진의 사용 증가는 성장 기회를 제공합니다. 수지 배합 및 가공 기술의 혁신으로 고성능 코팅 및 잉크에 대한 수요가 증가하고 있으며, 이로 인해 이들 산업에서 검로진 적용 시장이 확대되고 있습니다.
• 재생에너지 분야 : 검로진의 성장 기회는 보호 도료 및 실란트의 풍력발전 및 태양광발전과 같은 재생에너지 분야에서도 찾을 수 있습니다. 재생에너지 프로젝트가 지속적으로 확대됨에 따라 내구성과 신뢰성이 높은 로진 기반 제품에 대한 수요도 지속적으로 증가할 것입니다.
• 포장 산업의 발전 : 포장 산업은 검로진과 관련된 친환경적이고 고성능의 신소재를 개발할 수 있는 기회를 제공합니다. 지속가능성이 점점 더 중요해짐에 따라, 이는 검로진을 이용한 혁신적이고 완전히 재활용 가능한 포장에 대한 명확한 방향을 제시합니다.
• 특수 화학제품의 응용 : 전자 및 자동차 산업과 같은 응용 분야에서 특수 화학제품의 사용량이 증가함에 따라 고무 로진의 응용 분야에 대한 전망이 열리고 있습니다. 특수 배합 및 고순도 로진 제품은 이러한 고급 응용 분야의 특정 요구를 충족시켜 시장 성장을 촉진합니다.

접착제, 코팅제, 재생에너지, 포장, 특수화학 분야의 전략적 성장 기회는 감로진 시장의 확대와 기술 혁신의 원동력이 될 것입니다. 이 시나리오에서는 전체 시장의 성장을 뒷받침하는 기회를 활용하여 제품 제공을 확대할 수 있습니다.

검로진 시장의 촉진요인 및 과제

검로진 시장은 기술 변화, 경제적 요인, 규제 과제에 의해 주도되고 있습니다. 이러한 촉진요인 및 과제는 성장 잠재력과 시장 개발 경로에 대한 시장 역학에 영향을 미칩니다.

검로진 시장의 촉진요인은 다음과 같습니다:

• 기술 진보 : 검로진 가공 및 배합의 혁신은 제품의 품질과 성능을 향상시킵니다. 첨단 기술은 로진 제품의 순도, 안정성, 기능성을 향상시켜 접착제, 코팅제 등 다양한 용도의 수요를 촉진합니다.
• 친환경 제품에 대한 수요 증가 : 친환경적이고 지속가능한 제품에 대한 소비자 및 규제 당국의 요구가 증가함에 따라 바이오 기반의 저 VOC 감마로우즈에 대한 수요가 급증하고 있습니다. 이는 세계 지속가능성 목표에 초점을 맞춘 보다 친환경적인 솔루션의 개발을 뒷받침하고 있습니다.
• 산업 용도의 다양화 : 접착제, 코팅제, 재생에너지 등 다양한 산업 분야의 수요 증가가 검로진 수요를 견인하고 있습니다. 확대되고 다양화되는 산업은 고성능 로진 제품에 대한 수요를 창출하고 새로운 시장을 창출하고 있습니다.
• 소비자 관심 증가 : 환경 및 건강 관련 영향에 대한 소비자의 인식이 높아지면서 감마리놀렌산 제품에 대한 보다 안전하고 지속가능한 대체품에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있습니다. 소비자주의 트렌드는 규제와 소비자 선호도를 모두 충족하는 제품에 대한 수요를 증가시킬 것입니다.
• 신흥 시장의 경제 성장 : 신흥 시장의 경제 성장은 산업화와 인프라 성장에 견인력을 제공합니다. 이는 검로진에 대한 수요를 증가시켜 생산자와 공급업체에게 큰 기회를 제공합니다.

검로진 시장의 과제는 다음과 같습니다:

• 원자재 가격 변동 : 원자재 가격 변동 : 검로진 제조에 사용되는 다양한 원자재 가격은 변동될 수 있으며, 이는 수익성과 생산 비용에 영향을 미칠 수 있습니다. 이러한 가격 변동은 안정적인 공급망을 유지하고 생산 비용을 예측하기 어렵게 만듭니다.
• 규제 준수 : 기업은 다양한 지역의 환경 규제를 준수해야 하는데, 이는 복잡하고 비용이 많이 듭니다. 안전 기준, 배출 기준, 지속가능성 기준의 준수는 제조업체에게 매우 중요하며, 시장 역학에 영향을 미칩니다.
• 치열한 시장 경쟁 : 검로진 시장의 경쟁은 국내외를 막론하고 매우 치열합니다. 이는 차별화된 제품을 판매하기 위한 지속적인 기술 혁신의 필요성과 함께 가격 경쟁과 수익률 하락으로 이어질 수 있습니다.

결론적으로, 검로진 시장의 성장은 기술 발전과 지속가능한 제품에 대한 수요 증가와 같은 시장 촉진요인 및 과제에 의해 지속적으로 뒷받침되고 있지만, 원료 가격 변동과 규제 준수와 같은 도전 과제에 직면하고 있습니다. 이러한 요인에 효과적으로 대응하는 것은 성장 기회를 찾아 시장을 성공적으로 공략하는 데 있어 매우 중요합니다.

목차

제1장 주요 요약

제2장 세계의 검로진 시장 : 시장 역학

• 소개, 배경, 분류
• 공급망
• 업계 성장 촉진요인과 과제

제3장 시장 동향과 예측 분석(2019-2031년)

• 거시경제 동향(2019-2024년)과 예측(2025-2031년)
• 세계의 검로진 시장 동향(2019-2024년)과 예측(2025-2031년)
• 세계의 검로진 시장 : 종류별
  • WW
  • WG
  • K
  • X
  • 기타
• 세계의 검로진 시장 : 제품 종류별
  • 접착제 및 실란트
  • 고무
  • 페인트 및 코팅
  • 인쇄 잉크
  • 식품 및 음료
  • 기타

제4장 지역별 시장 동향과 예측 분석(2019-2031년)

• 세계의 검로진 시장 : 지역별
• 북미의 검로진 시장
• 유럽의 검로진 시장
• 아시아태평양의 검로진 시장
• 기타 지역의 검로진 시장

제5장 경쟁 분석

• 제품 포트폴리오 분석
• 운영 통합
• Porter's Five Forces 분석

제6장 성장 기회와 전략 분석

• 성장 기회 분석
  • 세계의 검로진 시장 성장 기회 : 종류별
  • 세계의 검로진 시장 성장 기회 : 제품 종류별
  • 세계의 검로진 시장 성장 기회 : 지역별
• 세계의 검로진 시장 최신 동향
• 전략적 분석
  • 신제품 개발
  • 세계의 검로진 시장 생산능력 확대
  • 세계의 검로진 시장 기업 인수합병(M&A), 합작투자
  • 인증과 라이선싱

제7장 주요 기업 개요

• INDONESIA PINUS
• Eastman Chemical Company
• Midhills
• MEGARA RESINS
• Naval Overseas
• Wuzhou Pine Chemicals
• Merck KGaA
• Mitsubishi Electric
• Renesas Electronics
• SEMIKRON International

영문목차

The future of the global gum rosin market looks promising with opportunities in the adhesive & sealants, rubber, paint & coatings, printing inks, and food & beverage markets. The global gum rosin market is expected to reach an estimated $2.4 billion by 2031 with a CAGR of 4.8% from 2025 to 2031. The major drivers for this market are the increasing need for bio-based sealants and adhesives and the growing requests from a diverse range of end-use applications.

• Lucintel forecasts that, within the type category, WW will remain the largest segment over the forecast period due to escalating adoption of the ww-type category for paper sizing.
• Within the product type category, adhesives & sealants are expected to witness the highest growth due to the uptick in both vehicle production and the construction of residential and commercial structures.
• In terms of regions, North America will remain the largest region over the forecast period due to the increasing diversity of industries utilizing the product.

Gain valuable insights for your business decisions with our comprehensive 150+ page report.

Emerging Trends in the Gum Rosin Market

Emerging trends in the marketplace for gum rosin indicate redefinitions of industry dynamics through technological innovation, sustainability, and application domains spurred by the rising demand for high-performance materials and environmentally friendly solutions.

• Bio-based and sustainable rosin products: There has been a growing interest in switching to bio-based gum rosin products derived from renewable feedstocks. This is part of a broader trend driven by increased environmental awareness and tightened regulatory pressures for sustainability. The bio-based rosins represent a greener alternative to traditional products by reducing the ecological footprint of industrial processes.
• Advanced Processing Technologies: Innovations in processing technologies are improving the quality and functionality of gum rosin. Advanced techniques enhance the purity, solubility, and stability of rosin products, making them suitable for high-performance uses in adhesives, coatings, and inks.
• Applications in High-Performance Coatings: Rosin is increasingly used in high-performance coatings due to its superior adhesive qualities with other materials. This trend is driven by demand from various industries for durable and efficient coatings, including the automotive, aerospace, and construction sectors.
• Growth in Adhesive Applications: Increasing demand for gum rosin in adhesives is driven by its efficacy in boosting the strength and bonding properties of adhesives. This trend is favored by the expansion in the construction, packaging, and automotive sectors, which rely heavily on strong and consistent adhesives.
• Emphasis on Recycling and Circular Economy: Greater emphasis is now placed on recycling and integrating gum rosin into circular economy practices. Recycling of rosin-based products, along with the aim of waste reduction, is part of global sustainability goals aimed at making resources more productive with minimal environmental impact.

Emerging trends in the gum rosin market focus on sustainability, advanced processing, and expanding applications. Such trends drive innovation to meet evolving demands within industries that shape markets, improving functionality and environmental performance in applications involving gum rosin.

Recent Developments in the Gum Rosin Market

Key developments in the gum rosin market have contributed to growth and innovation through technological advancement, product sustainability, and enhancement of the value chain. The prevailing key developments are within sectors such as:

• Better Quality and Purity: Improved methods of processing have made it possible to produce higher purity and quality gum rosin. This development caters to the increasing demand for high-performance materials in adhesive and coating applications where purity directly influences performance.
• Sustainable Rosin Products: The introduction of sustainable gum rosin products with bio-based and low-VOC options is a step toward going green. This is influenced by regulatory drives to produce greener products and consumer demand for products that support sustainable industry practices.
• Processing Technologies: Innovations in processing have led to better characteristics and functionalities through improved extraction and purification of gum rosin. These technologies enhance the performance of rosins in higher-value applications such as high-performance coatings and adhesives.
• Growth in Adhesive Applications: Adhesive applications are also growing in the gum rosin market due to excellent bonding properties and compatibility with other materials. This growth results from increasing demand from the packaging, construction, and automotive industries.
• Specialty Rosin Products: The development of specialty gum rosin products for particular end applications continues to gain traction. More valorized rosins populate niche markets, especially those with specific needs such as electronics and other high-tech industries, further increasing the versatility and market appeal of gum rosin.

In conclusion, improved purity, sustainability, and technological innovations are major developments in the gum rosin market that will provide a driving force for growth and innovation. All these developments meet industry applications' demands and open up new frontiers, thus helping to carve a roadmap for the future in the gum rosin market.

Strategic Growth Opportunities for the Gum Rosin Market

Key opportunities for strategic growth in the gum rosin market are emerging from technological advancements, sustainability, and industrial demand in various applications. Exploiting these emerging opportunities will yield enhanced market presence and innovation in applications involving gum rosin.

• Growth Avenues for the Adhesive Industry: The adhesives industry provides excellent avenues for growth in developing high-strength and specialty adhesives using gum rosin. With the increasing demand for effective and strong adhesives, the properties of gum rosin in enhancing bonding will lead to exciting market expansion opportunities.
• Growth in Coatings and Inks: The increasing use of gum rosin in coatings and inks opens up growth opportunities. Innovations in resin formulation and processing technologies are increasing the demand for high-performance coatings and inks, thereby expanding the market for gum rosin applications in these industries.
• Renewable Energy Sector: Growth opportunities for gum rosin will also arise from the renewable energy sector, including wind and solar power, in protective coatings and sealants. With the continued expansion of renewable energy projects, demand for durable and reliable rosin-based products also continues to rise.
• Development of the Packaging Industry: The packaging industry presents opportunities for developing new eco-friendly and high-performance materials related to gum rosin. As sustainability becomes increasingly important, this represents a clear direction toward innovative, fully recyclable packaging using gum rosin.
• Specialty Chemical Applications: Growth in the use of specialty chemicals in applications such as the electronics and automotive industries opens up prospects for gum rosin applications. Specialized formulations and high-purity rosin products meet the specific needs of these advanced applications and drive market growth.

Strategic growth opportunities in adhesives, coatings, renewable energy, packaging, and specialty chemicals will result in expansion and drive innovation in the gum rosin market. In this scenario, product offerings can be extended by leveraging opportunities that will support overall market growth.

Gum Rosin Market Driver and Challenges

The gum rosin market is driven by technological changes, economic factors, and regulatory challenges. These drivers and challenges affect market dynamics regarding growth potential and the path of industry developments.

The factors driving the gum rosin market include:

• Technological Advances: Innovations in the processing and formulations of gum rosin enhance the quality and performance of the product. Advanced technologies improve the purity, stability, and functionality of rosin products, thus driving demand in various applications, including adhesives and coatings.
• Growing Demand for Green Products: Increasing consumer and regulatory demand for green and sustainable products results in soaring demand for bio-based and low-VOC gum rosin. This supports the development of greener solutions with a focus on global sustainability goals.
• Diversification of Industrial Applications: Increasing demand from various industrial sectors, such as adhesives, coatings, and renewable energy, is driving the requirement for gum rosin. The expanding and diversifying industries create demands related to high-performance rosin products, spurring new markets.
• Increasing Consumer Awareness: Greater awareness among consumers about environmental and health-related impacts propels the consideration of safer and more sustainable alternatives regarding gum rosin-based products. The trend of consumerism boosts the demand for products that meet both regulatory and consumer preference expectations.
• Economic Growth in Emerging Markets: Economic growth in emerging markets provides traction for growth in industrialization and infrastructure. This increases demand for gum rosin, presenting significant opportunities for producers and suppliers.

Challenges in the gum rosin market include:

• Volatility in Raw Material Prices: Prices for various raw materials used in the manufacture of gum rosin can fluctuate, influencing profitability and production costs. These price fluctuations make it difficult to maintain stable supply chains and predict production expenses.
• Regulatory Compliance: Companies must adhere to various regional environmental regulations, which can be complex and costly. Compliance with safety, emissions, and sustainability standards is crucial for manufacturers and influences market dynamics.
• Intense Market Competition: Competition in the gum rosin market is very tight, both nationally and internationally. This can lead to price wars and reduced profit margins, along with the necessity for continuous innovation to sell differentiated products.

In conclusion, the growth of the gum rosin market is continuously supported by drivers such as technological advancements and increasing demand for sustainable products, although it faces challenges such as raw material price volatility and regulatory compliance. Effectively addressing these factors is critical for successfully navigating the market for growth opportunities.

List of Gum Rosin Companies

Companies in the market compete on the basis of product quality offered. Major players in this market focus on expanding their manufacturing facilities, R&D investments, infrastructural development, and leverage integration opportunities across the value chain. through these strategies gum rosin companies cater increasing demand, ensure competitive effectiveness, develop innovative products & technologies, reduce production costs, and expand their customer base. Some of the gum rosin companies profiled in this report include-

• INDONESIA PINUS
• Eastman Chemical Company
• Midhills
• MEGARA RESINS
• Naval Overseas
• Wuzhou Pine Chemicals
• Merck KGaA

Gum Rosin by Segment

The study includes a forecast for the global gum rosin market by type, product type, and region.

Gum Rosin Market by Type [Analysis by Value from 2019 to 2031]:

• WW
• WG
• K
• X
• Others

Gum Rosin Market by Product Type [Analysis by Value from 2019 to 2031]:

• Adhesive & Sealants
• Rubber
• Paint & Coatings
• Printing Inks
• Food & Beverage
• Others

Gum Rosin Market by Region [Analysis by Value from 2019 to 2031]:

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• The Rest of the World

Country Wise Outlook for the Gum Rosin Market

The market for gum rosin is undergoing changes due to shifting industrial requirements, continuous improvement in production technology, and changes in environmental legislation. These changes have significantly influenced trends in the market and regional dynamics across areas such as the U.S., Indian, German, and Japanese markets.

• U.S.: The U.S. consumes a significant quantity of gum rosin in adhesives and coatings, thus increasing demand for the ingredient. Recently, progress has been made in developing processing technologies aimed at enhancing the purity and performance of gum rosin. Additionally, the demand for environmentally friendly products is growing, pushing manufacturers to present sustainable and recyclable rosin-based materials.
• Chinese: The Chinese gum rosin market has seen rapid growth due to increasing applications in the adhesive and rubber industries. Recent improvements include higher-quality gum rosin that exhibits superior solubility and stability. A recent development in China is the increase in domestic production capabilities to reduce reliance on imports.
• Germany: The German market for gum rosin places great emphasis on sustainability and innovation. There is ongoing development and utilization of bio-based rosin products that comply with environmental legislation within this sector. In line with the high demand from high-value industrial applications, high-performance formulations in coatings and inks are being developed and applied.
• Indian: With increased industrial activity and infrastructure development, demand for gum rosin continues to grow in India. Major developments in this category include cost-effective product development for various applications of gum rosin and improved methodologies for manufacturing this product. Emerging applications of the product in the adhesives and paint sectors are growing alongside rapid urbanization and industrialization.
• Japan: The gum rosin market in Japan represents technological innovation combined with high-quality standards. Recent developments have included the use of new gum rosin processing technology to provide high-purity products for specialized applications. Japan's demand is driven by high-performance and precision applications from industries such as electronics and automotive.

Features of the Global Gum Rosin Market

Market Size Estimates: Gum rosin market size estimation in terms of value ($B).

Trend and Forecast Analysis: Market trends (2019 to 2024) and forecast (2025 to 2031) by various segments and regions.

Segmentation Analysis: Gum rosin market size by type, product type, and region in terms of value ($B).

Regional Analysis: Gum rosin market breakdown by North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Rest of the World.

Growth Opportunities: Analysis of growth opportunities in different types, product types, and regions for the gum rosin market.

Strategic Analysis: This includes M&A, new product development, and competitive landscape of the gum rosin market.

Analysis of competitive intensity of the industry based on Porter's Five Forces model.

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This report answers following 11 key questions:

• Q.1. What are some of the most promising, high-growth opportunities for the gum rosin market by type (ww, wg, k, x, and others), product type (adhesive & sealants, rubber, paint & coatings, printing inks, food & beverage, and others), and region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Rest of the World)?
• Q.2. Which segments will grow at a faster pace and why?
• Q.3. Which region will grow at a faster pace and why?
• Q.4. What are the key factors affecting market dynamics? What are the key challenges and business risks in this market?
• Q.5. What are the business risks and competitive threats in this market?
• Q.6. What are the emerging trends in this market and the reasons behind them?
• Q.7. What are some of the changing demands of customers in the market?
• Q.8. What are the new developments in the market? Which companies are leading these developments?
• Q.9. Who are the major players in this market? What strategic initiatives are key players pursuing for business growth?
• Q.10. What are some of the competing products in this market and how big of a threat do they pose for loss of market share by material or product substitution?
• Q.11. What M&A activity has occurred in the last 5 years and what has its impact been on the industry?

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

2. Global Gum Rosin Market : Market Dynamics

• 2.1: Introduction, Background, and Classifications
• 2.2: Supply Chain
• 2.3: Industry Drivers and Challenges

3. Market Trends and Forecast Analysis from 2019 to 2031

• 3.1. Macroeconomic Trends (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2031)
• 3.2. Global Gum Rosin Market Trends (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2031)
• 3.3: Global Gum Rosin Market by Type
  • 3.3.1: WW
  • 3.3.2: WG
  • 3.3.3: K
  • 3.3.4: X
  • 3.3.5: Others
• 3.4: Global Gum Rosin Market by Product Type
  • 3.4.1: Adhesive & Sealants
  • 3.4.2: Rubber
  • 3.4.3: Paint & Coatings
  • 3.4.4: Printing Inks
  • 3.4.5: Food & Beverage
  • 3.4.6: Others

4. Market Trends and Forecast Analysis by Region from 2019 to 2031

• 4.1: Global Gum Rosin Market by Region
• 4.2: North American Gum Rosin Market
  • 4.2.1: North American Gum Rosin Market by Type: WW, WG, K, X, and Others
  • 4.2.2: North American Gum Rosin Market by Product Type: Adhesive & Sealants, Rubber, Paint & Coatings, Printing Inks, Food & Beverage, and Others
• 4.3: European Gum Rosin Market
  • 4.3.1: European Gum Rosin Market by Type: WW, WG, K, X, and Others
  • 4.3.2: European Gum Rosin Market by Product Type: Adhesive & Sealants, Rubber, Paint & Coatings, Printing Inks, Food & Beverage, and Others
• 4.4: APAC Gum Rosin Market
  • 4.4.1: APAC Gum Rosin Market by Type: WW, WG, K, X, and Others
  • 4.4.2: APAC Gum Rosin Market by Product Type: Adhesive & Sealants, Rubber, Paint & Coatings, Printing Inks, Food & Beverage, and Others
• 4.5: ROW Gum Rosin Market
  • 4.5.1: ROW Gum Rosin Market by Type: WW, WG, K, X, and Others
  • 4.5.2: ROW Gum Rosin Market by Product Type: Adhesive & Sealants, Rubber, Paint & Coatings, Printing Inks, Food & Beverage, and Others

5. Competitor Analysis

• 5.1: Product Portfolio Analysis
• 5.2: Operational Integration
• 5.3: Porter's Five Forces Analysis

6. Growth Opportunities and Strategic Analysis

• 6.1: Growth Opportunity Analysis
  • 6.1.1: Growth Opportunities for the Global Gum Rosin Market by Type
  • 6.1.2: Growth Opportunities for the Global Gum Rosin Market by Product Type
  • 6.1.3: Growth Opportunities for the Global Gum Rosin Market by Region
• 6.2: Emerging Trends in the Global Gum Rosin Market
• 6.3: Strategic Analysis
  • 6.3.1: New Product Development
  • 6.3.2: Capacity Expansion of the Global Gum Rosin Market
  • 6.3.3: Mergers, Acquisitions, and Joint Ventures in the Global Gum Rosin Market
  • 6.3.4: Certification and Licensing

7. Company Profiles of Leading Players

• 7.1: INDONESIA PINUS
• 7.2: Eastman Chemical Company
• 7.3: Midhills
• 7.4: MEGARA RESINS
• 7.5: Naval Overseas
• 7.6: Wuzhou Pine Chemicals
• 7.7: Merck KGaA
• 7.7: Mitsubishi Electric
• 7.8: Renesas Electronics
• 7.9: SEMIKRON International