LED 조명 시장은 2024-2029년 473억 달러, 예측 기간 동안 8.5%의 CAGR로 성장할 것으로 예상됩니다.
세계의 LED 조명 시장에 대해 조사 분석했으며, 시장 규모와 예측, 동향, 성장 촉진요인, 과제, 약 25개 벤더를 포함한 벤더 분석 등의 정보를 전해드립니다.
현재 시장 시나리오, 최신 동향 및 촉진요인, 전체 시장 환경에 대한 최신 분석을 제공하며, LED 조명의 제조 비용 감소, 할로겐, 백열등, 형광등, 고휘도 방전 램프의 단계적 폐지, 위험 지역에서의 LED 조명의 필요성 등이 시장을 주도하고 있습니다.
| 시장 범위 |
| 기준 연도 |
2025년 |
| 종료 연도 |
2029년 |
| 예측 기간 |
2025-2029년 |
| 성장 모멘텀 |
가속 |
| 전년 대비 2025년 |
7.7% |
| CAGR |
8.5% |
| 증분 금액 |
473억 달러 |
이 조사는 업계 주요 참가자의 의견을 포함하여 1차 및 2차 정보를 객관적으로 조합하여 수행되었습니다. 이 보고서에는 주요 기업 분석, 종합적인 시장 규모 데이터, 지역별 분석에 따른 부문, 공급업체 현황이 포함되어 있습니다. 보고서에는 과거 데이터와 예측 데이터가 있습니다.
본 연구는 스마트 시티의 출현이 향후 몇 년간 LED 조명 시장 성장을 주도할 주요 요인 중 하나로 꼽았습니다. 또한, 자동차 조명 시스템의 발전과 지능형 조명 시스템의 견인력 증가는 시장의 큰 수요로 이어질 것입니다.
목차
제1장 주요 요약
제2장 Technavio 분석
- 가격·수명주기·고객 구입 바스켓·채용률·구입 기준 분석
- 인풋의 중요성과 차별화 요인
- 혼란 요인
- 성장 촉진요인과 과제의 영향
제3장 시장 상황
제4장 시장 규모
- 시장 정의
- 시장 부문 분석
- 시장 규모 2024
- 시장 전망 2024-2029년
제5장 시장 규모 실적
- LED 조명 세계 시장 2019-2023년
- 용도별 부문 분석 2019-2023년
- 제품별 부문 분석 2019-2023년
- 지역별 부문 분석 2019-2023년
- 국가별 부문 분석 2019-2023년
제6장 정성 분석
제7장 Five Forces 분석
- Five Forces 요약
- 구매자의 교섭력
- 공급 기업의 교섭력
- 신규 참여업체의 위협
- 대체품의 위협
- 경쟁의 위협
- 시장 상황
제8장 시장 세분화 : 용도별
- 시장 부문
- 비교 : 용도별
- 주거용 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 상업용 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 야외 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 산업 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 기타 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 시장 기회 : 용도별
제9장 시장 세분화 : 제품별
- 시장 부문
- 비교 : 제품별
- 조명 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 램프 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 시장 기회 : 제품별
제10장 고객 상황
제11장 지역별 상황
- 지역별 세분화
- 지역별 비교
- 아시아태평양 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 유럽 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 북미 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 중동 및 아프리카 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 남미 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 미국 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 중국 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 일본 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 독일 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 인도 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 영국 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 프랑스 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 캐나다 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 이탈리아 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 브라질 : 시장 규모와 예측 2024-2029년
- 시장 기회 : 지역 상황별
제12장 촉진요인, 과제, 기회, 억제요인
- 시장 성장 촉진요인
- 시장 과제
- 성장 촉진요인과 과제의 영향
- 시장 기회·억제요인
제13장 경쟁 구도
제14장 경쟁 분석
- 기업 개요
- 기업 순위 지수
- 기업의 시장 포지셔닝
- Acuity Brands Inc.
- ams OSRAM AG
- Dialight PLC
- Digital Lumens Inc.
- Eaton Corp.
- Ennostar Inc.
- General Electric Co.
- Hubbell Inc.
- Ideal Industries Inc.
- Koninklijke Philips NV
- LSI Industries Inc.
- Lumileds Holding BV
- Panasonic Holdings Corp.
- Signify NV
- SMART Global Holdings Inc.
제15장 부록
ksm
The LED lighting market is forecasted to grow by USD 47.3 billion during 2024-2029, accelerating at a CAGR of 8.5% during the forecast period. The report on the LED lighting market provides a holistic analysis, market size and forecast, trends, growth drivers, and challenges, as well as vendor analysis covering around 25 vendors.
The report offers an up-to-date analysis regarding the current market scenario, the latest trends and drivers, and the overall market environment. The market is driven by declining manufacturing cost of LED lights, phasing out halogen, incandescent, fluorescent, and hid lamps, and need for LED lighting in hazardous areas.
| Market Scope |
|---|
| Base Year | 2025 |
| End Year | 2029 |
| Series Year | 2025-2029 |
| Growth Momentum | Accelerate |
| YOY 2025 | 7.7% |
| CAGR | 8.5% |
| Incremental Value | $47.3 bn |
The study was conducted using an objective combination of primary and secondary information including inputs from key participants in the industry. The report contains a comprehensive market size data, segment with regional analysis and vendor landscape in addition to an analysis of the key companies. Reports have historic and forecast data.
Technavio's LED lighting market is segmented as below:
By Application
- Residential
- Commercial
- Outdoor
- Industrial
- Others
By Product
By Geographical Landscape
- APAC
- Europe
- North America
- Middle East and Africa
- South America
This study identifies the emergence of smart cities as one of the prime reasons driving the LED lighting market growth during the next few years. Also, advances in automotive lighting systems and growing traction for intelligent lighting systems will lead to sizable demand in the market.
The report on the LED lighting market covers the following areas:
- LED Lighting Market sizing
- LED Lighting Market forecast
- LED Lighting Market industry analysis
The robust vendor analysis is designed to help clients improve their market position, and in line with this, this report provides a detailed analysis of several leading LED lighting market vendors that include Acuity Brands Inc., ams OSRAM AG, Bridgelux Inc., Dialight PLC, Digital Lumens Inc., Eaton Corp., Ennostar Inc., General Electric Co., GrowRay Lighting Technologies, Hubbell Inc., Ideal Industries Inc., Koninklijke Philips NV, LSI Industries Inc., Lumileds Holding BV, OSRAM GmbH, Panasonic Holdings Corp., Sharp Corp., Signify NV, SMART Global Holdings Inc., and Toyoda Gosei Co. Ltd.. Also, the LED lighting market analysis report includes information on upcoming trends and challenges that will influence market growth. This is to help companies strategize and leverage all forthcoming growth opportunities.
The publisher presents a detailed picture of the market by the way of study, synthesis, and summation of data from multiple sources by an analysis of key parameters such as profit, pricing, competition, and promotions. It presents various market facets by identifying the key industry influencers. The data presented is comprehensive, reliable, and a result of extensive primary and secondary research. The market research reports provide a complete competitive landscape and an in-depth vendor selection methodology and analysis using qualitative and quantitative research to forecast accurate market growth.
Table of Contents
1 Executive Summary
- 1.1 Market overview
- Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
- Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
- Executive Summary - Chart on Global Market Characteristics
- Executive Summary - Chart on Market By Geographical Landscape
- Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Application
- Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Product
- Executive Summary - Chart on Incremental Growth
- Executive Summary - Data Table on Incremental Growth
- Executive Summary - Chart on Company Market Positioning
2 Technavio Analysis
- 2.1 Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
- Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
- 2.2 Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
- Overview on criticality of inputs and factors of differentiation
- 2.3 Factors of disruption
- Overview on factors of disruption
- 2.4 Impact of drivers and challenges
- Impact of drivers and challenges in 2024 and 2029
3 Market Landscape
- 3.1 Market ecosystem
- Parent Market
- Data Table on - Parent Market
- 3.2 Market characteristics
- Market characteristics analysis
- 3.3 Value chain analysis
4 Market Sizing
- 4.1 Market definition
- Offerings of companies included in the market definition
- 4.2 Market segment analysis
- 4.3 Market size 2024
- 4.4 Market outlook: Forecast for 2024-2029
- Chart on Global - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Data Table on Global - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Chart on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
5 Historic Market Size
- 5.1 Global LED Lighting Market 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Data Table on Global LED Lighting Market 2019 - 2023 ($ billion)
- 5.2 Application segment analysis 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Application Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ billion)
- 5.3 Product segment analysis 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Product Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ billion)
- 5.4 Geography segment analysis 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Geography Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ billion)
- 5.5 Country segment analysis 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Country Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ billion)
6 Qualitative Analysis
- 6.1 Impact of AI on global LED lighting market
7 Five Forces Analysis
- 7.1 Five forces summary
- Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2024 and 2029
- 7.2 Bargaining power of buyers
- Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2024 and 2029
- 7.3 Bargaining power of suppliers
- Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
- 7.4 Threat of new entrants
- Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
- 7.5 Threat of substitutes
- Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
- 7.6 Threat of rivalry
- Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
- 7.7 Market condition
- Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2024 and 2029
8 Market Segmentation by Application
- 8.1 Market segments
- Chart on Application - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Application - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
- 8.2 Comparison by Application
- Chart on Comparison by Application
- Data Table on Comparison by Application
- 8.3 Residential - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Residential - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Data Table on Residential - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Chart on Residential - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Residential - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 8.4 Commercial - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Commercial - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Data Table on Commercial - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Chart on Commercial - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Commercial - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 8.5 Outdoor - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Outdoor - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Data Table on Outdoor - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Chart on Outdoor - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Outdoor - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 8.6 Industrial - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Industrial - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Data Table on Industrial - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Chart on Industrial - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Industrial - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 8.7 Others - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Others - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Data Table on Others - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Chart on Others - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Others - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 8.8 Market opportunity by Application
- Market opportunity by Application ($ billion)
- Data Table on Market opportunity by Application ($ billion)
9 Market Segmentation by Product
- 9.1 Market segments
- Chart on Product - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Product - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
- 9.2 Comparison by Product
- Chart on Comparison by Product
- Data Table on Comparison by Product
- 9.3 Luminaries - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Luminaries - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Data Table on Luminaries - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Chart on Luminaries - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Luminaries - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 9.4 Lamps - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Lamps - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Data Table on Lamps - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Chart on Lamps - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Lamps - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 9.5 Market opportunity by Product
- Market opportunity by Product ($ billion)
- Data Table on Market opportunity by Product ($ billion)
10 Customer Landscape
- 10.1 Customer landscape overview
- Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
11 Geographic Landscape
- 11.1 Geographic segmentation
- Chart on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.2 Geographic comparison
- Chart on Geographic comparison
- Data Table on Geographic comparison
- 11.3 APAC - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on APAC - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Data Table on APAC - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Chart on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.4 Europe - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Europe - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Data Table on Europe - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Chart on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.5 North America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on North America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Data Table on North America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Chart on North America - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on North America - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.6 Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Chart on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.7 South America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on South America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Data Table on South America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Chart on South America - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on South America - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.8 US - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on US - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Data Table on US - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Chart on US - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on US - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.9 China - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on China - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Data Table on China - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Chart on China - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on China - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.10 Japan - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Japan - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Data Table on Japan - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Chart on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.11 Germany - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Germany - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Data Table on Germany - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Chart on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.12 India - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on India - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Data Table on India - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Chart on India - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on India - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.13 UK - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on UK - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Data Table on UK - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Chart on UK - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on UK - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.14 France - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on France - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Data Table on France - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Chart on France - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on France - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.15 Canada - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Canada - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Data Table on Canada - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Chart on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.16 Italy - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Italy - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Data Table on Italy - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Chart on Italy - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Italy - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.17 Brazil - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Brazil - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Data Table on Brazil - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ billion)
- Chart on Brazil - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Brazil - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.18 Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape
- Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ billion)
- Data Tables on Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ billion)
12 Drivers, Challenges, and Opportunity/Restraints
- 12.1 Market drivers
- 12.2 Market challenges
- 12.3 Impact of drivers and challenges
- Impact of drivers and challenges in 2024 and 2029
- 12.4 Market opportunities/restraints
13 Competitive Landscape
- 13.1 Overview
- 13.2 Competitive Landscape
- Overview on criticality of inputs and factors of differentiation
- 13.3 Landscape disruption
- Overview on factors of disruption
- 13.4 Industry risks
- Impact of key risks on business
14 Competitive Analysis
- 14.1 Companies profiled
- 14.2 Company ranking index
- 14.3 Market positioning of companies
- Matrix on companies position and classification
- 14.4 Acuity Brands Inc.
- Acuity Brands Inc. - Overview
- Acuity Brands Inc. - Business segments
- Acuity Brands Inc. - Key offerings
- Acuity Brands Inc. - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.5 ams OSRAM AG
- ams OSRAM AG - Overview
- ams OSRAM AG - Business segments
- ams OSRAM AG - Key news
- ams OSRAM AG - Key offerings
- ams OSRAM AG - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.6 Dialight PLC
- Dialight PLC - Overview
- Dialight PLC - Business segments
- Dialight PLC - Key news
- Dialight PLC - Key offerings
- Dialight PLC - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.7 Digital Lumens Inc.
- Digital Lumens Inc. - Overview
- Digital Lumens Inc. - Product / Service
- Digital Lumens Inc. - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 14.8 Eaton Corp.
- Eaton Corp. - Overview
- Eaton Corp. - Business segments
- Eaton Corp. - Key news
- Eaton Corp. - Key offerings
- Eaton Corp. - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.9 Ennostar Inc.
- Ennostar Inc. - Overview
- Ennostar Inc. - Business segments
- Ennostar Inc. - Key news
- Ennostar Inc. - Key offerings
- Ennostar Inc. - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.10 General Electric Co.
- General Electric Co. - Overview
- General Electric Co. - Business segments
- General Electric Co. - Key news
- General Electric Co. - Key offerings
- General Electric Co. - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.11 Hubbell Inc.
- Hubbell Inc. - Overview
- Hubbell Inc. - Business segments
- Hubbell Inc. - Key news
- Hubbell Inc. - Key offerings
- Hubbell Inc. - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.12 Ideal Industries Inc.
- Ideal Industries Inc. - Overview
- Ideal Industries Inc. - Product / Service
- Ideal Industries Inc. - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 14.13 Koninklijke Philips NV
- Koninklijke Philips NV - Overview
- Koninklijke Philips NV - Business segments
- Koninklijke Philips NV - Key news
- Koninklijke Philips NV - Key offerings
- Koninklijke Philips NV - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.14 LSI Industries Inc.
- LSI Industries Inc. - Overview
- LSI Industries Inc. - Business segments
- LSI Industries Inc. - Key offerings
- LSI Industries Inc. - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.15 Lumileds Holding BV
- Lumileds Holding BV - Overview
- Lumileds Holding BV - Product / Service
- Lumileds Holding BV - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 14.16 Panasonic Holdings Corp.
- Panasonic Holdings Corp. - Overview
- Panasonic Holdings Corp. - Business segments
- Panasonic Holdings Corp. - Key news
- Panasonic Holdings Corp. - Key offerings
- Panasonic Holdings Corp. - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.17 Signify NV
- Signify NV - Overview
- Signify NV - Business segments
- Signify NV - Key news
- Signify NV - Key offerings
- Signify NV - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.18 SMART Global Holdings Inc.
- SMART Global Holdings Inc. - Overview
- SMART Global Holdings Inc. - Business segments
- SMART Global Holdings Inc. - Key offerings
- SMART Global Holdings Inc. - Segment focus
- SWOT
15 Appendix
- 15.1 Scope of the report
- 15.2 Inclusions and exclusions checklist
- Inclusions checklist
- Exclusions checklist
- 15.3 Currency conversion rates for US$
- Currency conversion rates for US$
- 15.4 Research methodology
- 15.5 Data procurement
- 15.6 Data validation
- 15.7 Validation techniques employed for market sizing
- Validation techniques employed for market sizing
- 15.8 Data synthesis
- 15.9 360 degree market analysis
- 360 degree market analysis
- 15.10 List of abbreviations
