전 세계 이유식 및 유아용 조제분유 시장 규모는 2024-2029년 468억 8,650만 달러에 달할 것으로 예상되며, 예측 기간 동안 8.2%의 CAGR로 성장할 것으로 예상됩니다. 세계의 이유식 및 유아용 조제분유 시장에 대해 조사 분석했으며, 시장 규모와 예측, 동향, 성장 촉진요인, 과제, 약 25개 벤더에 대한 벤더 분석 등의 정보를 전해드립니다.
본 보고서는 현재 시장 시나리오, 최신 동향 및 촉진요인, 전체 시장 환경에 대한 최신 분석을 제공합니다. 신제품 출시, 워킹맘의 증가, 부모의 건강에 대한 관심 증가가 시장을 주도하고 있습니다.
| 시장 범위 |
| 기준 연도 |
2025년 |
| 종료 연도 |
2029년 |
| 예측 기간 |
2025-2029년 |
| 성장 모멘텀 |
가속 |
| 전년 대비 2025년 |
6.9% |
| CAGR |
8.2% |
| 증분 금액 |
468억 8,650만 달러 |
이 보고서는 향후 몇 년 동안 이유식 및 유아용 조제분유 시장의 성장을 촉진하는 주요 이유 중 하나로 유기농 이유식 제품에 대한 수요 증가를 꼽았습니다. 또한, 조직화된 소매 환경의 확대와 포장의 혁신도 시장의 큰 수요로 이어질 것입니다.
목차
제1장 주요 요약
제2장 Technavio 분석
- 가격 민감도·수명주기·고객 구입 바스켓·채용률·구입 기준 분석
- 인풋의 중요성과 차별화 요인
- 디스럽션 요인
- 성장 촉진요인과 과제의 영향
제3장 시장 상황
제4장 시장 규모
- 시장 정의
- 시장 부문 분석
- 시장 규모(2024년)
- 시장 전망(2024-2029년)
제5장 시장 규모 실적
- 이유식 및 유아용 조제분유 세계 시장(2019-2023년)
- 제품별 부문 분석(2019-2023년)
- 유형별 부문 분석(2019-2023년)
- 지역별 부문 분석(2019-2023년)
- 국가별 부문 분석(2019-2023년)
제6장 정성 분석
- AI의 영향 : 이유식 및 유아용 조제분유 세계 시장
제7장 Five Forces 분석
- Five Forces 요약
- 구매자의 교섭력
- 공급 기업의 교섭력
- 신규 참여업체의 위협
- 대체품의 위협
- 경쟁의 위협
- 시장 상황
제8장 시장 세분화 : 제품별
- 시장 부문
- 비교 : 제품별
- 유아용 조제분유 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 이유식 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 시장 기회 : 제품별
제9장 시장 세분화 : 유형별
- 시장 부문
- 비교 : 유형별
- 조제분유 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 건조 이유식 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 조리 이유식 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 기타 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 시장 기회 : 유형별
제10장 고객 상황
제11장 지역별 상황
- 지역별 세분화
- 지역별 비교
- 아시아태평양 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 유럽 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 북미 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 남미 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 중동 및 아프리카 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 미국 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 중국 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 일본 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 독일 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 한국 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 캐나다 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 영국 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 브라질 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 인도 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 프랑스 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 시장 기회 : 지역 상황별
제12장 촉진요인, 과제, 기회, 억제요인
- 시장 성장 촉진요인
- 시장 과제
- 성장 촉진요인과 과제의 영향
- 시장 기회·억제요인
제13장 경쟁 구도
제14장 경쟁 분석
- 기업 개요
- 기업 순위 지수
- 기업의 시장 포지셔닝
- Abbott Laboratories
- Ausnutria Dairy Corp. Ltd.
- Beingmate Co. Ltd.
- Campbell Soup Co.
- Danone SA
- Ellas Kitchen Brands Ltd.
- Else Nutrition Holdings Inc.
- Emirates Industry for Camel Milk and Products
- Fonterra Cooperative Group Ltd.
- GreenSpace Brands Inc.
- HiPP GmbH and Co. Vertrieb KG
- LACTALIS Group
- Nestle SA
- Reckitt Benckiser Group Plc
- The Kraft Heinz Co.
제15장 부록
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The baby food and infant formula market is forecasted to grow by $ 46886.5 mn during 2024-2029, accelerating at a CAGR of 8.2% during the forecast period. The report on the baby food and infant formula market provides a holistic analysis, market size and forecast, trends, growth drivers, and challenges, as well as vendor analysis covering around 25 vendors.
The report offers an up-to-date analysis regarding the current market scenario, the latest trends and drivers, and the overall market environment. The market is driven by new product launches, increasing number of working mothers, and growing health concerns among parents.
| Market Scope |
|---|
| Base Year | 2025 |
| End Year | 2029 |
| Series Year | 2025-2029 |
| Growth Momentum | Accelerate |
| YOY 2025 | 6.9% |
| CAGR | 8.2% |
| Incremental Value | $46886.5 mn |
Technavio's baby food and infant formula market is segmented as below:
By Product
By Type
- Milk formula
- Dried baby food
- Prepared baby food
- Others
By Geographical Landscape
- APAC
- Europe
- North America
- South America
- Middle East and Africa
This study identifies the increasing demand for organic baby food products as one of the prime reasons driving the baby food and infant formula market growth during the next few years. Also, expanding organized retail landscape and innovations in packaging will lead to sizable demand in the market.
The report on the baby food and infant formula market covers the following areas:
- Baby Food And Infant Formula Market sizing
- Baby Food And Infant Formula Market forecast
- Baby Food And Infant Formula Market industry analysis
The robust vendor analysis is designed to help clients improve their market position, and in line with this, this report provides a detailed analysis of several leading baby food and infant formula market vendors that include Abbott Laboratories, Ausnutria Dairy Corp. Ltd., Beingmate Co. Ltd., Campbell Soup Co., Danone SA, Ellas Kitchen Brands Ltd., Else Nutrition Holdings Inc., Emirates Industry for Camel Milk and Products, Fonterra Cooperative Group Ltd., GreenSpace Brands Inc., Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd., Hero AG, HiPP GmbH and Co. Vertrieb KG, LACTALIS Group, Meiji Holdings Co. Ltd., Nestle SA, PZ Cussons Plc, Reckitt Benckiser Group Plc, and The Kraft Heinz Co.. Also, the baby food and infant formula market analysis report includes information on upcoming trends and challenges that will influence market growth. This is to help companies strategize and leverage all forthcoming growth opportunities.
The study was conducted using an objective combination of primary and secondary information including inputs from key participants in the industry. The report contains a comprehensive market and vendor landscape in addition to an analysis of the key vendors.
The publisher presents a detailed picture of the market by the way of study, synthesis, and summation of data from multiple sources by an analysis of key parameters such as profit, pricing, competition, and promotions. It presents various market facets by identifying the key industry influencers. The data presented is comprehensive, reliable, and a result of extensive primary and secondary research. The market research reports provide a complete competitive landscape and an in-depth vendor selection methodology and analysis using qualitative and quantitative research to forecast accurate market growth.
Table of Contents
1 Executive Summary
- 1.1 Market overview
- Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
- Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
- Executive Summary - Chart on Global Market Characteristics
- Executive Summary - Chart on Market By Geographical Landscape
- Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Product
- Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Type
- Executive Summary - Chart on Incremental Growth
- Executive Summary - Data Table on Incremental Growth
- Executive Summary - Chart on Company Market Positioning
2 Technavio Analysis
- 2.1 Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
- Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
- 2.2 Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
- Overview on criticality of inputs and factors of differentiation
- 2.3 Factors of disruption
- Overview on factors of disruption
- 2.4 Impact of drivers and challenges
- Impact of drivers and challenges in 2024 and 2029
3 Market Landscape
- 3.1 Market ecosystem
- Parent Market
- Data Table on - Parent Market
- 3.2 Market characteristics
- Market characteristics analysis
- 3.3 Value chain analysis
4 Market Sizing
- 4.1 Market definition
- Offerings of companies included in the market definition
- 4.2 Market segment analysis
- 4.3 Market size 2024
- 4.4 Market outlook: Forecast for 2024-2029
- Chart on Global - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Global - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
5 Historic Market Size
- 5.1 Global Baby Food And Infant Formula Market 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Data Table on Global Baby Food And Infant Formula Market 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
- 5.2 Product segment analysis 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Product Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
- 5.3 Type segment analysis 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Type Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
- 5.4 Geography segment analysis 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Geography Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
- 5.5 Country segment analysis 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Country Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
6 Qualitative Analysis
- 6.1 Impact of AI on Global Baby Food and Infant Formula Market
7 Five Forces Analysis
- 7.1 Five forces summary
- Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2024 and 2029
- 7.2 Bargaining power of buyers
- Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2024 and 2029
- 7.3 Bargaining power of suppliers
- Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
- 7.4 Threat of new entrants
- Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
- 7.5 Threat of substitutes
- Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
- 7.6 Threat of rivalry
- Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
- 7.7 Market condition
- Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2024 and 2029
8 Market Segmentation by Product
- 8.1 Market segments
- Chart on Product - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Product - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
- 8.2 Comparison by Product
- Chart on Comparison by Product
- Data Table on Comparison by Product
- 8.3 Infant formula - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Infant formula - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Infant formula - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Infant formula - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Infant formula - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 8.4 Baby food - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Baby food - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Baby food - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Baby food - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Baby food - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 8.5 Market opportunity by Product
- Market opportunity by Product ($ million)
- Data Table on Market opportunity by Product ($ million)
9 Market Segmentation by Type
- 9.1 Market segments
- Chart on Type - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Type - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
- 9.2 Comparison by Type
- Chart on Comparison by Type
- Data Table on Comparison by Type
- 9.3 Milk formula - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Milk formula - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Milk formula - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Milk formula - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Milk formula - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 9.4 Dried baby food - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Dried baby food - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Dried baby food - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Dried baby food - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Dried baby food - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 9.5 Prepared baby food - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Prepared baby food - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Prepared baby food - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Prepared baby food - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Prepared baby food - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 9.6 Others - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Others - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Others - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Others - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Others - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 9.7 Market opportunity by Type
- Market opportunity by Type ($ million)
- Data Table on Market opportunity by Type ($ million)
10 Customer Landscape
- 10.1 Customer landscape overview
- Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
11 Geographic Landscape
- 11.1 Geographic segmentation
- Chart on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.2 Geographic comparison
- Chart on Geographic comparison
- Data Table on Geographic comparison
- 11.3 APAC - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on APAC - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on APAC - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.4 Europe - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Europe - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Europe - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.5 North America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on North America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on North America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on North America - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on North America - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.6 South America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on South America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on South America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on South America - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on South America - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.7 Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.8 US - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on US - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on US - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on US - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on US - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.9 China - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on China - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on China - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on China - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on China - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.10 Japan - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Japan - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Japan - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.11 Germany - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Germany - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Germany - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.12 South Korea - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on South Korea - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on South Korea - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on South Korea - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on South Korea - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.13 Canada - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Canada - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Canada - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.14 UK - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on UK - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on UK - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on UK - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on UK - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.15 Brazil - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Brazil - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Brazil - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Brazil - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Brazil - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.16 India - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on India - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on India - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on India - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on India - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.17 France - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on France - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on France - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on France - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on France - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.18 Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape
- Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ million)
- Data Tables on Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ million)
12 Drivers, Challenges, and Opportunity/Restraints
- 12.1 Market drivers
- 12.2 Market challenges
- 12.3 Impact of drivers and challenges
- Impact of drivers and challenges in 2024 and 2029
- 12.4 Market opportunities/restraints
13 Competitive Landscape
- 13.1 Overview
- 13.2 Competitive Landscape
- Overview on criticality of inputs and factors of differentiation
- 13.3 Landscape disruption
- Overview on factors of disruption
- 13.4 Industry risks
- Impact of key risks on business
14 Competitive Analysis
- 14.1 Companies profiled
- 14.2 Company ranking index
- 14.3 Market positioning of companies
- Matrix on companies position and classification
- 14.4 Abbott Laboratories
- Abbott Laboratories - Overview
- Abbott Laboratories - Business segments
- Abbott Laboratories - Key news
- Abbott Laboratories - Key offerings
- Abbott Laboratories - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.5 Ausnutria Dairy Corp. Ltd.
- Ausnutria Dairy Corp. Ltd. - Overview
- Ausnutria Dairy Corp. Ltd. - Product / Service
- Ausnutria Dairy Corp. Ltd. - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 14.6 Beingmate Co. Ltd.
- Beingmate Co. Ltd. - Overview
- Beingmate Co. Ltd. - Product / Service
- Beingmate Co. Ltd. - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 14.7 Campbell Soup Co.
- Campbell Soup Co. - Overview
- Campbell Soup Co. - Business segments
- Campbell Soup Co. - Key news
- Campbell Soup Co. - Key offerings
- Campbell Soup Co. - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.8 Danone SA
- Danone SA - Overview
- Danone SA - Business segments
- Danone SA - Key news
- Danone SA - Key offerings
- Danone SA - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.9 Ellas Kitchen Brands Ltd.
- Ellas Kitchen Brands Ltd. - Overview
- Ellas Kitchen Brands Ltd. - Product / Service
- Ellas Kitchen Brands Ltd. - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 14.10 Else Nutrition Holdings Inc.
- Else Nutrition Holdings Inc. - Overview
- Else Nutrition Holdings Inc. - Product / Service
- Else Nutrition Holdings Inc. - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 14.11 Emirates Industry for Camel Milk and Products
- Emirates Industry for Camel Milk and Products - Overview
- Emirates Industry for Camel Milk and Products - Product / Service
- Emirates Industry for Camel Milk and Products - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 14.12 Fonterra Cooperative Group Ltd.
- Fonterra Cooperative Group Ltd. - Overview
- Fonterra Cooperative Group Ltd. - Business segments
- Fonterra Cooperative Group Ltd. - Key news
- Fonterra Cooperative Group Ltd. - Key offerings
- Fonterra Cooperative Group Ltd. - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.13 GreenSpace Brands Inc.
- GreenSpace Brands Inc. - Overview
- GreenSpace Brands Inc. - Product / Service
- GreenSpace Brands Inc. - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 14.14 HiPP GmbH and Co. Vertrieb KG
- HiPP GmbH and Co. Vertrieb KG - Overview
- HiPP GmbH and Co. Vertrieb KG - Product / Service
- HiPP GmbH and Co. Vertrieb KG - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 14.15 LACTALIS Group
- LACTALIS Group - Overview
- LACTALIS Group - Product / Service
- LACTALIS Group - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 14.16 Nestle SA
- Nestle SA - Overview
- Nestle SA - Business segments
- Nestle SA - Key news
- Nestle SA - Key offerings
- Nestle SA - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.17 Reckitt Benckiser Group Plc
- Reckitt Benckiser Group Plc - Overview
- Reckitt Benckiser Group Plc - Business segments
- Reckitt Benckiser Group Plc - Key news
- Reckitt Benckiser Group Plc - Key offerings
- Reckitt Benckiser Group Plc - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.18 The Kraft Heinz Co.
- The Kraft Heinz Co. - Overview
- The Kraft Heinz Co. - Business segments
- The Kraft Heinz Co. - Key news
- The Kraft Heinz Co. - Key offerings
- The Kraft Heinz Co. - Segment focus
- SWOT
15 Appendix
- 15.1 Scope of the report
- 15.2 Inclusions and exclusions checklist
- Inclusions checklist
- Exclusions checklist
- 15.3 Currency conversion rates for US$
- Currency conversion rates for US$
- 15.4 Research methodology
- 15.5 Data procurement
- 15.6 Data validation
- 15.7 Validation techniques employed for market sizing
- Validation techniques employed for market sizing
- 15.8 Data synthesis
- 15.9 360 degree market analysis
- 360 degree market analysis
- 15.10 List of abbreviations
