연료전지 시장은 2024-2029년 284억 3,910만 달러에 달할 것으로 예상되며, 예측 기간 동안 CAGR 28.9%로 성장할 것으로 예상됩니다.
세계의 연료전지 시장에 대해 조사 분석했으며, 시장 규모와 예측, 동향, 성장 촉진요인, 과제, 약 25개 벤더를 포함한 벤더 분석 등의 정보를 전해드립니다.
현재 시장 시나리오, 최신 동향 및 촉진요인, 전체 시장 환경에 대한 최신 분석을 제공합니다. 이 시장은 효율적이고 깨끗한 에너지원에 대한 수요 증가, 연료전지 자동차의 채택을 늘리기 위한 정부의 장려책 증가, 환경적 이점에 의해 주도되고 있습니다.
| 시장 범위 |
| 기준 연도 |
2025년 |
| 종료 연도 |
2029년 |
| 예측 기간 |
2025-2029년 |
| 성장 모멘텀 |
가속 |
| 전년 대비 2025년 |
25.3% |
| CAGR |
28.9% |
| 증분 금액 |
284억 3,910만 달러 |
이 보고서는 향후 몇 년간 연료전지 시장의 성장을 견인할 주요 요인 중 하나로 연구개발 활동의 증가를 꼽았습니다. 또한, 수소 연료 사용량을 늘리기 위한 이니셔티브의 증가와 마이크로그리드 채택의 증가도 시장의 큰 수요로 이어질 것으로 예상됩니다.
목차
제1장 주요 요약
제2장 Technavio 분석
- 가격 민감도·수명주기·고객 구입 바스켓·채용률·구입 기준 분석
- 인풋의 중요성과 차별화 요인
- 디스럽션 요인
- 성장 촉진요인과 과제의 영향
제3장 시장 상황
제4장 시장 규모
- 시장 정의
- 시장 부문 분석
- 시장 규모(2024년)
- 시장 전망(2024-2029년)
제5장 시장 규모 실적
- 연료전지 세계 시장(2019-2023년)
- 제품별 부문 분석(2019-2023년)
- 용도별 부문 분석(2019-2023년)
- 지역별 부문 분석(2019-2023년)
- 국가별 부문 분석(2019-2023년)
제6장 정성 분석
제7장 Five Forces 분석
- Five Forces 요약
- 구매자의 교섭력
- 공급 기업의 교섭력
- 신규 참여업체의 위협
- 대체품의 위협
- 경쟁의 위협
- 시장 상황
제8장 시장 세분화 : 제품별
- 시장 부문
- 비교 : 제품별
- PEMFC : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- PAFC : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- SOFC : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 기타 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 시장 기회 : 제품별
제9장 시장 세분화 : 용도별
- 시장 부문
- 비교 : 용도별
- 운송 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 거치 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 휴대용 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 시장 기회 : 용도별
제10장 고객 상황
제11장 지역별 상황
- 지역별 세분화
- 지역별 비교
- 북미 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 유럽 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 아시아태평양 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 중동 및 아프리카 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 남미 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 미국 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 일본 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 인도 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 독일 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 캐나다 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 영국 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 한국 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 프랑스 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 중국 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 이탈리아 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
- 시장 기회 : 지역 상황별
제12장 촉진요인, 과제, 기회, 억제요인
- 시장 성장 촉진요인
- 시장 과제
- 성장 촉진요인과 과제의 영향
- 시장 기회·억제요인
제13장 경쟁 구도
제14장 경쟁 분석
- 기업 개요
- 기업 순위 지수
- 기업의 시장 포지셔닝
- Ballard Power Systems Inc.
- Bloom Energy Corp.
- Ceres Power Holdings plc
- Doosan Corp.
- FuelCell Energy Inc.
- Fuji Electric Co. Ltd.
- General Motors Co.
- Honda Motor Co. Ltd.
- Hyundai Motor Co.
- Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd.
- Niterra Co. Ltd.
- Panasonic Holdings Corp.
- Plug Power Inc.
- PowerCell Sweden AB
- SFC Energy AG
제15장 부록
ksm
The fuel cell market is forecasted to grow by USD 28439.1 mn during 2024-2029, accelerating at a CAGR of 28.9% during the forecast period. The report on the fuel cell market provides a holistic analysis, market size and forecast, trends, growth drivers, and challenges, as well as vendor analysis covering around 25 vendors.
The report offers an up-to-date analysis regarding the current market scenario, the latest trends and drivers, and the overall market environment. The market is driven by growing demand for efficient and clean energy sources, growing government incentives to increase adoption of fuel cell vehicles, and environmental benefits.
| Market Scope |
|---|
| Base Year | 2025 |
| End Year | 2029 |
| Series Year | 2025-2029 |
| Growth Momentum | Accelerate |
| YOY 2025 | 25.3% |
| CAGR | 28.9% |
| Incremental Value | $28439.1 mn |
Technavio's fuel cell market is segmented as below:
By Product
By Application
- Transport
- Stationary
- Portable
By Geographical Landscape
- North America
- Europe
- APAC
- Middle East and Africa
- South America
This study identifies the increasing research and development activities as one of the prime reasons driving the fuel cell market growth during the next few years. Also, rising initiatives to increase usage of hydrogen fuel and increasing adoption of microgrids will lead to sizable demand in the market.
The report on the fuel cell market covers the following areas:
- Fuel Cell Market sizing
- Fuel Cell Market forecast
- Fuel Cell Market industry analysis
The robust vendor analysis is designed to help clients improve their market position, and in line with this, this report provides a detailed analysis of several leading fuel cell market vendors that include Ballard Power Systems Inc., Bloom Energy Corp., Ceres Power Holdings plc, Doosan Corp., FuelCell Energy Inc., Fuji Electric Co. Ltd., General Motors Co., Honda Motor Co. Ltd., Hyundai Motor Co., Intelligent Energy Ltd., KYOCERA Corp., Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd., Niterra Co. Ltd., Panasonic Holdings Corp., Plug Power Inc., PowerCell Sweden AB, Proton Motor Fuel Cell GmbH, SFC Energy AG, Toshiba Corp., and Watt Fuel Cell Corp.. Also, the fuel cell market analysis report includes information on upcoming trends and challenges that will influence market growth. This is to help companies strategize and leverage all forthcoming growth opportunities.
The study was conducted using an objective combination of primary and secondary information including inputs from key participants in the industry. The report contains a comprehensive market and vendor landscape in addition to an analysis of the key vendors.
The publisher presents a detailed picture of the market by the way of study, synthesis, and summation of data from multiple sources by an analysis of key parameters such as profit, pricing, competition, and promotions. It presents various market facets by identifying the key industry influencers. The data presented is comprehensive, reliable, and a result of extensive primary and secondary research. The market research reports provide a complete competitive landscape and an in-depth vendor selection methodology and analysis using qualitative and quantitative research to forecast accurate market growth.
Table of Contents
1 Executive Summary
- 1.1 Market overview
- Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
- Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
- Executive Summary - Chart on Global Market Characteristics
- Executive Summary - Chart on Market By Geographical Landscape
- Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Product
- Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Application
- Executive Summary - Chart on Incremental Growth
- Executive Summary - Data Table on Incremental Growth
- Executive Summary - Chart on Company Market Positioning
2 Technavio Analysis
- 2.1 Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
- Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
- 2.2 Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
- Overview on criticality of inputs and factors of differentiation
- 2.3 Factors of disruption
- Overview on factors of disruption
- 2.4 Impact of drivers and challenges
- Impact of drivers and challenges in 2024 and 2029
3 Market Landscape
- 3.1 Market ecosystem
- Parent Market
- Data Table on - Parent Market
- 3.2 Market characteristics
- Market characteristics analysis
- 3.3 Value chain analysis
4 Market Sizing
- 4.1 Market definition
- Offerings of companies included in the market definition
- 4.2 Market segment analysis
- 4.3 Market size 2024
- 4.4 Market outlook: Forecast for 2024-2029
- Chart on Global - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Global - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
5 Historic Market Size
- 5.1 Global Fuel Cell Market 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Data Table on Global Fuel Cell Market 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
- 5.2 Product segment analysis 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Product Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
- 5.3 Application segment analysis 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Application Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
- 5.4 Geography segment analysis 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Geography Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
- 5.5 Country segment analysis 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Country Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
6 Qualitative Analysis
- 6.1 Impact of AI on the Global Fuel Cell Market
7 Five Forces Analysis
- 7.1 Five forces summary
- Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2024 and 2029
- 7.2 Bargaining power of buyers
- Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2024 and 2029
- 7.3 Bargaining power of suppliers
- Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
- 7.4 Threat of new entrants
- Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
- 7.5 Threat of substitutes
- Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
- 7.6 Threat of rivalry
- Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
- 7.7 Market condition
- Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2024 and 2029
8 Market Segmentation by Product
- 8.1 Market segments
- Chart on Product - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Product - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
- 8.2 Comparison by Product
- Chart on Comparison by Product
- Data Table on Comparison by Product
- 8.3 PEMFC - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on PEMFC - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on PEMFC - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on PEMFC - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on PEMFC - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 8.4 PAFC - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on PAFC - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on PAFC - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on PAFC - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on PAFC - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 8.5 SOFC - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on SOFC - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on SOFC - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on SOFC - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on SOFC - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 8.6 Others - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Others - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Others - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Others - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Others - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 8.7 Market opportunity by Product
- Market opportunity by Product ($ million)
- Data Table on Market opportunity by Product ($ million)
9 Market Segmentation by Application
- 9.1 Market segments
- Chart on Application - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Application - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
- 9.2 Comparison by Application
- Chart on Comparison by Application
- Data Table on Comparison by Application
- 9.3 Transport - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Transport - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Transport - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Transport - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Transport - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 9.4 Stationary - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Stationary - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Stationary - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Stationary - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Stationary - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 9.5 Portable - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Portable - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Portable - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Portable - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Portable - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 9.6 Market opportunity by Application
- Market opportunity by Application ($ million)
- Data Table on Market opportunity by Application ($ million)
10 Customer Landscape
- 10.1 Customer landscape overview
- Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
11 Geographic Landscape
- 11.1 Geographic segmentation
- Chart on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.2 Geographic comparison
- Chart on Geographic comparison
- Data Table on Geographic comparison
- 11.3 North America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on North America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on North America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on North America - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on North America - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.4 Europe - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Europe - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Europe - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.5 APAC - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on APAC - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on APAC - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.6 Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.7 South America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on South America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on South America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on South America - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on South America - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.8 US - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on US - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on US - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on US - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on US - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.9 Japan - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Japan - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Japan - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.10 India - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on India - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on India - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on India - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on India - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.11 Germany - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Germany - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Germany - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.12 Canada - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Canada - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Canada - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.13 UK - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on UK - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on UK - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on UK - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on UK - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.14 South Korea - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on South Korea - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on South Korea - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on South Korea - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on South Korea - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.15 France - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on France - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on France - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on France - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on France - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.16 China - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on China - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on China - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on China - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on China - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.17 Italy - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Italy - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Italy - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Italy - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Italy - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.18 Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape
- Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ million)
- Data Tables on Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ million)
12 Drivers, Challenges, and Opportunity/Restraints
- 12.1 Market drivers
- 12.2 Market challenges
- 12.3 Impact of drivers and challenges
- Impact of drivers and challenges in 2024 and 2029
- 12.4 Market opportunities/restraints
13 Competitive Landscape
- 13.1 Overview
- 13.2 Competitive Landscape
- Overview on criticality of inputs and factors of differentiation
- 13.3 Landscape disruption
- Overview on factors of disruption
- 13.4 Industry risks
- Impact of key risks on business
14 Competitive Analysis
- 14.1 Companies profiled
- 14.2 Company ranking index
- 14.3 Market positioning of companies
- Matrix on companies position and classification
- 14.4 Ballard Power Systems Inc.
- Ballard Power Systems Inc. - Overview
- Ballard Power Systems Inc. - Product / Service
- Ballard Power Systems Inc. - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 14.5 Bloom Energy Corp.
- Bloom Energy Corp. - Overview
- Bloom Energy Corp. - Product / Service
- Bloom Energy Corp. - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 14.6 Ceres Power Holdings plc
- Ceres Power Holdings plc - Overview
- Ceres Power Holdings plc - Business segments
- Ceres Power Holdings plc - Key offerings
- Ceres Power Holdings plc - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.7 Doosan Corp.
- Doosan Corp. - Overview
- Doosan Corp. - Business segments
- Doosan Corp. - Key news
- Doosan Corp. - Key offerings
- Doosan Corp. - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.8 FuelCell Energy Inc.
- FuelCell Energy Inc. - Overview
- FuelCell Energy Inc. - Product / Service
- FuelCell Energy Inc. - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 14.9 Fuji Electric Co. Ltd.
- Fuji Electric Co. Ltd. - Overview
- Fuji Electric Co. Ltd. - Business segments
- Fuji Electric Co. Ltd. - Key news
- Fuji Electric Co. Ltd. - Key offerings
- Fuji Electric Co. Ltd. - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.10 General Motors Co.
- General Motors Co. - Overview
- General Motors Co. - Business segments
- General Motors Co. - Key news
- General Motors Co. - Key offerings
- General Motors Co. - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.11 Honda Motor Co. Ltd.
- Honda Motor Co. Ltd. - Overview
- Honda Motor Co. Ltd. - Business segments
- Honda Motor Co. Ltd. - Key news
- Honda Motor Co. Ltd. - Key offerings
- Honda Motor Co. Ltd. - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.12 Hyundai Motor Co.
- Hyundai Motor Co. - Overview
- Hyundai Motor Co. - Business segments
- Hyundai Motor Co. - Key news
- Hyundai Motor Co. - Key offerings
- Hyundai Motor Co. - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.13 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd.
- Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. - Overview
- Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. - Business segments
- Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. - Key news
- Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. - Key offerings
- Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.14 Niterra Co. Ltd.
- Niterra Co. Ltd. - Overview
- Niterra Co. Ltd. - Business segments
- Niterra Co. Ltd. - Key offerings
- Niterra Co. Ltd. - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.15 Panasonic Holdings Corp.
- Panasonic Holdings Corp. - Overview
- Panasonic Holdings Corp. - Product / Service
- Panasonic Holdings Corp. - Key news
- Panasonic Holdings Corp. - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 14.16 Plug Power Inc.
- Plug Power Inc. - Overview
- Plug Power Inc. - Product / Service
- Plug Power Inc. - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 14.17 PowerCell Sweden AB
- PowerCell Sweden AB - Overview
- PowerCell Sweden AB - Product / Service
- PowerCell Sweden AB - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 14.18 SFC Energy AG
- SFC Energy AG - Overview
- SFC Energy AG - Business segments
- SFC Energy AG - Key news
- SFC Energy AG - Key offerings
- SFC Energy AG - Segment focus
- SWOT
15 Appendix
- 15.1 Scope of the report
- 15.2 Inclusions and exclusions checklist
- Inclusions checklist
- Exclusions checklist
- 15.3 Currency conversion rates for US$
- Currency conversion rates for US$
- 15.4 Research methodology
- 15.5 Data procurement
- 15.6 Data validation
- 15.7 Validation techniques employed for market sizing
- Validation techniques employed for market sizing
- 15.8 Data synthesis
- 15.9 360 degree market analysis
- 360 degree market analysis
- 15.10 List of abbreviations
