황화 폴리아크릴로니트릴 양극재 시장은 2025년에 1억 4,029만 달러로 평가되었으며, 2026년에는 1억 5,784만 달러, CAGR 12.53%로 성장하고, 2032년까지 3억 2,066만 달러에 달할 것으로 예측되고 있습니다.
| 주요 시장 통계 | |
|---|---|
| 기준 연도 2025년 | 1억 4,029만 달러 |
| 추정 연도 2026년 | 1억 5,784만 달러 |
| 예측 연도 2032년 | 3억 2,066만 달러 |
| CAGR(%) | 12.53% |
황화폴리아크릴로니트릴(SPAN) 양극재료는 자원면에서의 고려, 성능요구, 진화하는 시스템요건이 함께 차세대 전지구조에서 유력한 대체재료로 등장해 왔습니다. 최근 연구자와 제조업체는 변환형 화학 반응에 의한 고황 이용률과 사이클 수명의 향상, 폴리설파이드 셔틀 현상의 저감을 양립시키는 합성 채널을 개발해, 상용 셀에의 실용적인 통합을 가능하게 해 왔습니다. 제품 개발자가 용량, 안전성, 다양한 전해질 시스템과의 호환성을 밸런스 좋게 갖춘 전극 재료를 요구하는 가운데, SPAN은 리튬 이온과 나트륨 이온 플랫폼 양쪽에의 적응성과, 희소 전이 금속에의 의존도 저감의 가능성에 두드러지고 있습니다.
전극 재료의 부문은 조사의 우선 순위, 제조 전략, 구매자의 기대를 재구성하는 혁신적인 변화가 일어나고 있습니다. 고분자 화학과 열처리 기술의 진보에 의해 전도성 매트릭스 내에서의 황 안정화 수법이 확대되어, 사이클 특성 향상과 셔틀 효과 저감을 실현하는 배합이 가능하게 되었습니다. 한편, 전기자동차용 고에너지 밀도 요구나 거치형 축전 시스템에의 고에너지 처리 능력 기대 등의 시스템 레벨의 요구에 의해 폭넓은 온도 범위·C레이트 듀티 사이클로 신뢰성 높게 동작하는 전극 재료의 중요성이 높아지고 있습니다. 이러한 기술적 변화는 더 광범위한 산업 동향과 결합됩니다. 즉, 전지화학의 다양화로의 전환, 자원안전에 대한 주목의 강화, OEM이나 팩 인티그레이터가, 제약이 있는 원료에의 의존도를 저감하는 대체 화학 기술의 평가에 적극적으로 되고 있는 경향입니다.
2025년에 시행된 시책 조치는 관세 및 규제 조정을 도입하여 선진 배터리 재료의 국제 공급망, 조달 전략 및 비용 동태에 누적 영향을 미쳤습니다. 관세는 조달 선택에 영향을 미치는 많은 수단 중 하나에 불과하지만, 그 존재는 제조업체에게 조달 풋 프린트 재평가, 공급업체 다양화 가속, 중요한 업스트림 투입물에 대한 니어 쇼어링 기회의 재검토를 촉구하고 있습니다. 황화 폴리아크릴로니트릴(SAPN)과 같은 양극 재료는 폴리머 원료, 황원, 특수 가공 설비에 의존하며, 관세의 영향은 수입 비용의 직접적인 증가뿐만 아니라 물류, 재고 관리 방법, 공급업체 계약 조건의 변화와 같은 간접적인 채널에서도 나타나고 있습니다.
황화 폴리아크릴로니트릴이 최대의 상업적 영향을 발휘할 수 있는 영역을 평가하기 위해서는 시장 세분화의 미묘한 차이를 이해하는 것이 필수적입니다. 용도 관점에서 볼 때, 이 재료는 가전, 전기자동차, 에너지 저장 시스템(ESS)의 모든 영역에서 관련이 있습니다. 가전 부문에서는 노트북, 스마트폰, 웨어러블 기기 등의 특정 디바이스 카테고리마다 형태, 에너지 밀도 및 신뢰성에 대한 고유한 요구 사항이 존재하며, 이들은 전극의 배합 설계 및 가공 방법의 선택에 영향을 미칩니다. 에너지 저장 시스템도 마찬가지로 다양합니다. 상용 저장 이용 사례에서는 라이프 사이클 경제성과 내구성이 우선되고, 그리드 저장에서는 장기 달력 수명과 고누적 처리량 하에서의 안전성이 중시되고, 주택 저장 이용 사례에서는 비용과 사이클 수명, 통합의 용이성의 균형이 요구됩니다. 이러한 각 용도 하위 부문은 용량 등급, 순도 등급, 형태 호환성에 대해 서로 다른 중점을 둡니다.
황화 폴리아크릴로니트릴 전극 재료의 개발·생산·상업화 채널을 형성하는데 있어서, 지역적인 역학은 매우 중요합니다. 미국 대륙에서는 강력한 혁신 클러스터, 자동차 OEM의 강한 존재감, 증가하는 거치형 축전 시스템의 도입이 고성능으로 국내 조달 가능한 재료에 대한 수요를 자극하고 있습니다. 시책 인센티브, 인프라 투자, 해외 공급망에 대한 의존성 감소에 중점을 두어 재료 가공 능력과 파일럿 규모 제조에 대한 지역 투자를 촉진하고 있습니다. 이 지역의 산업 관계자들은 신속한 인증 사이클과 기존 배터리 조립 에코시스템의 통합을 선호하는 경향이 있으며, 지속성 확보와 규제 요건에 대응하기 위해 현지 조달에 대한 투자를 싫어하는 경우가 많습니다.
SPAN 에코시스템의 경쟁적 포지셔닝은 초기 상업 환경을 정의하는 기술 개발자, 재료 공급업체, 셀 제조업체 및 통합업체의 복합체를 반영합니다. 주요 기술 팀은 안정적인 유황 봉쇄를 가능하게 하는 미세 구조적 특성을 유지하면서 경제적으로 스케일 가능한 재현성 있는 합성 기술의 제공에 주력하고 있습니다. 여러 확립된 재료 기업과 스타트업 기업이 파일럿 라인에 투자하여 생산 관리 전략의 검증을 진행하고 있으며, 셀 제조업체와의 전략적 제휴에 의해 전극 배합과 셀 조립 프로세스에 대한 피드백 루프가 가속화되고 있습니다.
산업 리더는 SPAN의 기술적 가능성을 지속 가능한 상업적 성과로 전환하기 위해 다각적인 노력을 채택해야합니다. 첫째, 공정 재현성과 품질 관리에 대한 투자를 우선시하고, 향상된 인라인 분석 및 견고한 배치 추적을 포함하여 대규모 생산의 변동성을 줄입니다. 이로 인해 OEM과의 인증 장벽이 떨어지고 장기 성능에 대한 불확실성이 줄어들어 채택이 가속화됩니다. 다음으로, 셀 제조업체나 시스템 인티그레이터와의 대상을 좁힌 파트너십을 추구해, 전극의 배합 설계나 검증 프로토콜의 공동 개발을 추진합니다. 이는 재료 혁신과 시스템 레벨 성능 사이의 피드백 루프를 단축합니다.
본 분석은 1차 조사와 2차 조사를 통합하여 SPAN 양극 재료의 현상에 대한 엄격하고 재현성 있는 평가를 도출합니다. 1차 조사에는 재료 과학자, 셀 엔지니어, 조달 책임자, 제조 임원에 대한 구조화된 인터뷰 외에도, 가능한 범위에서 공장 시찰과 공정 감사가 포함됩니다. 이러한 1차 설문조사는 파일럿 규모의 과제, 인증 일정 및 고객 수령 기준에 대한 지식을 얻었습니다. 2차 정보원으로서는 사독 첨부 기술 문헌, 특허 분석, 공개되고 있는 규제·시책 문서를 망라해, 기술적 주장의 검증과 공급 체인의 동향을 문맥화하는데 활용했습니다.
황화 폴리아크릴로니트릴 양극재는 실험실 혁신과 가까운 미래의 상업화 기회 사이에서 현실적인 위치를 차지합니다. 이 물질이 갖는 전도성 매트릭스 내에 황을 고정화하는 고유한 능력은 황계 캐소드의 주요 기술적 장벽 중 하나를 해결하고 사이클 수명을 지나치게 손상시키지 않으면서 보다 높은 활물질 이용률에 대한 경로를 기재하고 있습니다. 도전은 여전히 남아 있습니다. 특히, 일관된 제조 공정의 스케일 업, 순도 관리의 확보, 다양한 셀 형태에 있어서의 장기 신뢰성의 실증 등입니다. 그러나 프로세스의 진보, 전략적 파트너십, 진화하는 조달 우선순위의 융합은 대상 용도에서의 상업화를 위한 확실한 경로를 보여줍니다.
The Sulfurized Polyacrylonitrile Positive Electrode Material Market was valued at USD 140.29 million in 2025 and is projected to grow to USD 157.84 million in 2026, with a CAGR of 12.53%, reaching USD 320.66 million by 2032.
| KEY MARKET STATISTICS | |
|---|---|
| Base Year [2025] | USD 140.29 million |
| Estimated Year [2026] | USD 157.84 million |
| Forecast Year [2032] | USD 320.66 million |
| CAGR (%) | 12.53% |
Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) positive electrode materials have emerged as a compelling alternative for next-generation battery architectures, driven by a combination of resource considerations, performance demands, and evolving system requirements. Over recent years, researchers and manufacturers have advanced synthesis routes that reconcile the high sulfur utilization of conversion-type chemistry with improved cycle life and reduced polysulfide shuttling, enabling more practical integration into commercial cells. As product developers seek electrode materials that balance capacity, safety, and compatibility with diverse electrolyte systems, SPAN stands out for its adaptability to both lithium-ion and sodium-ion platforms and for its potential to reduce reliance on scarce transition metals.
This report's introduction frames SPAN within the broader trajectory of battery material innovation, emphasizing its technical attributes, manufacturing pathways, and implications for multiple application segments. The material's architecture-where sulfur is chemically bonded within a carbonaceous matrix-offers intrinsic mitigation of soluble intermediate species and provides a pathway for stable cycling at high sulfur loadings. Accordingly, attention has turned to process scalability, purity control, and form-factor compatibility to meet the stringent requirements of consumer devices, electric vehicles, and grid-connected storage systems. By situating SPAN against incumbent cathode chemistries and emerging alternatives, the introduction clarifies the value proposition that underpins near-term adoption and longer-term research priorities.
Transitioning from laboratory-scale promise to industrial deployment requires a clear understanding of synthesis reproducibility, electrode formulation, and cell-level integration. The introduction outlines the critical technical checkpoints that developers must address, including reproducible binding of sulfur to polymer backbones, control over microstructure to minimize volume expansion, and compatibility with anode materials and separators. In addition, the introduction highlights how supply chain dynamics, regulatory environments, and evolving standards for cell safety converge to shape commercialization pathways. This sets the stage for the deeper analysis that follows, which examines market shifts, policy impacts, segmentation, regional dynamics, competitive positioning, and recommended actions for stakeholders seeking to leverage SPAN technology effectively.
The landscape for electrode materials is undergoing transformative shifts that are reshaping research priorities, manufacturing strategies, and buyer expectations. Advances in polymer chemistry and thermal processing have expanded the toolkit for stabilizing sulfur within conductive matrices, enabling formulations that exhibit improved cyclability and mitigated shuttle effects. Meanwhile, system-level demands-driven by higher energy density requirements for electric vehicles and increasing energy throughput expectations for stationary storage-have elevated the importance of electrode materials that can operate reliably across a range of temperatures, C-rates, and duty cycles. These technical shifts coincide with broader industrial trends: a move toward diversified battery chemistries, intensified focus on resource security, and an increased willingness among OEMs and pack integrators to evaluate alternative chemistries that reduce exposure to constrained raw materials.
Concurrently, manufacturing and scale-up practices are evolving. Process forces are aligning behind scalable, lower-cost routes that maintain consistency in purity and microstructure. This includes refinements in chemical oxidation protocols and the optimization of thermal treatment regimens to achieve reproducible SPAN phases at larger throughput. The interplay between process control and cell-level formulation is critical; incremental improvements in binder selection, electrode calendaring, and electrolyte optimization can collectively unlock meaningful gains in cycle life and energy retention. In parallel, quality assurance frameworks and material characterization toolsets have matured, allowing developers to quantify impurity impacts and degradation pathways more precisely.
Policy and procurement trends are accelerating these changes. Buyers are increasingly requesting detailed provenance and lifecycle analyses for critical materials, and partnerships across the value chain are becoming more common to de-risk supply and align on qualification timelines. Research institutions and industrial players are collaborating on standardization efforts and joint pilot lines, reflecting a pragmatic recognition that commercialization of alternative positive electrode materials will require coordinated investment and shared learning. Together, these transformative shifts create a dynamic environment in which SPAN can transition from niche demonstrations to meaningful adoption where its technical and strategic advantages align with end-user priorities.
Policy measures enacted in the United States in 2025 introduced tariffs and regulatory adjustments that have cumulative implications for international supply chains, sourcing strategies, and cost dynamics for advanced battery materials. While tariffs are only one lever among many that influence procurement choices, their presence has prompted manufacturers to reevaluate sourcing footprints, accelerate supplier diversification, and reconsider nearshoring opportunities for critical upstream inputs. For positive electrode materials like sulfurized polyacrylonitrile, which rely on polymer feedstocks, sulfur sources, and specialty processing equipment, tariff effects manifest both directly through increased import costs and indirectly through shifts in logistics, inventory practices, and supplier contractual terms.
In response, several manufacturers have adjusted commercial plans to minimize exposure to cross-border duties by qualifying domestic suppliers, establishing regional production hubs, or reconfiguring supply agreements to favor tariff-exempt product classifications where feasible. These adjustments often require capital investment, longer qualification timelines, and more integrated supplier management approaches. For companies with balanced portfolios across lithium-ion and sodium-ion programs, the policy environment has accelerated decision-making about where to concentrate in-house production versus outsourced manufacture. Moreover, where tariff measures intersect with export controls, firms have placed greater emphasis on dual-use component risk assessments to ensure compliance while maintaining operational continuity.
The cumulative effect of these shifts also extends to strategic partnerships and joint ventures. Entities along the value chain are exploring collaborative arrangements to share the burden of capital expenditures required for localized processing facilities and to co-develop qualification protocols that reduce duplication. In the short to medium term, procurement teams are adopting more rigorous scenario planning and hedging strategies to manage cost uncertainty. Over time, the policy-driven reshaping of supply networks is likely to influence which regions become centers of excellence for SPAN production and which firms emerge as preferred suppliers based on their ability to offer stable, compliant, and regionally aligned supply streams.
A nuanced understanding of market segmentation is essential for evaluating where sulfurized polyacrylonitrile can deliver the greatest commercial impact. When viewed through the lens of application, the material is relevant across consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems. Within consumer electronics, specific device categories such as laptops, smartphones, and wearables impose distinct form-factor, energy density, and reliability requirements that influence electrode formulation and processing choices. Energy storage systems are similarly diverse; commercial storage use cases prioritize lifecycle economics and durability, grid storage emphasizes long calendar life and safety under high cumulative throughput, and residential storage balances cost with cycle life and ease of integration. Each of these application subsegments places different emphases on capacity grade, purity grade, and form factor compatibility.
Considering battery type segmentation reveals additional technical constraints and opportunities. The market spans lithium-ion and sodium-ion platforms, and within lithium-ion there are further distinctions among LFP, NCA, and NMC chemistries. Each chemistry has unique operating voltages, cathode-anode interactions, and electrolyte compatibility profiles, so SPAN formulations must be tuned for interfacial stability and cycle behavior specific to the host system. Thermal and electrochemical behavior will vary between sodium-ion and lithium-ion cells, and developers must carefully evaluate ionic radius effects, SEI formation tendencies, and electrolyte selection to ensure consistent performance across battery types.
Battery form factor segmentation-cylindrical, pouch, and prismatic-drives mechanical and processing constraints. Cylindrical cells often demand robust electrode winding and consistent electrode thickness control, while pouch cells require reliable lamination and sealing processes; prismatic cells emphasize stack compression and thermal management. End use segmentation further clarifies market priorities: automotive applications differentiate commercial vehicles from passenger vehicles with distinct duty cycles and safety margins; consumer electronics repeat the earlier distinctions across laptops, smartphones, and wearables; and stationary storage splits into residential and utility deployments that prioritize different trade-offs between cost per cycle, cycle life, and installation footprint.
Capacity grade and purity grade are critical determinants of target applications. High, medium, and low capacity grades map to device energy density expectations and influence electrode loading strategies, while high purity and standard grade classifications affect long-term stability and cross-compatibility with sensitive electrolyte systems. Sales channel segmentation-aftermarket, distribution, and OEM-shapes commercialization timelines and quality assurance expectations. Distribution itself can be direct or indirect, which affects lead times and contractual visibility. Finally, production process segmentation highlights the two primary routes: chemical oxidation and thermal treatment. Chemical oxidation can be executed via dry oxidation or wet oxidation approaches, each with its own environmental, throughput, and control implications. Thermal treatment can be managed under high-temperature or low-temperature regimes, where temperature profile and residency time dictate microstructural evolution and sulfur binding characteristics. Taken together, these segmentation dimensions provide a layered framework for prioritizing development efforts and tailoring go-to-market strategies to the most attractive application niches.
Regional dynamics are pivotal in shaping the development, production, and commercialization pathways for sulfurized polyacrylonitrile electrode materials. In the Americas, robust innovation clusters, strong automotive OEM presence, and growing stationary storage deployments stimulate demand for high-performance, domestically sourced materials. Policy incentives, infrastructure investment, and an emphasis on reducing reliance on overseas supply chains have encouraged regional investments in material processing capabilities and pilot-scale manufacturing. Industry participants in this region tend to prioritize rapid qualification cycles and integration with existing battery assembly ecosystems, and they are often willing to invest in localized supply to secure continuity and meet regulatory expectations.
In Europe, the Middle East & Africa region, sustainability and circularity criteria are increasingly central to procurement decisions, and regulatory frameworks place emphasis on lifecycle assessment, recyclability, and responsible sourcing. Industrial policy in parts of Europe incentivizes low-carbon processing and vertical integration, which can favor production routes that minimize environmental footprint while delivering consistent material quality. The region's diverse industrial base and strong engineering capacity support collaborative demonstration projects, with utility-scale storage and passenger vehicle OEMs often at the forefront of adoption pathways. Meanwhile, parts of the Middle East are leveraging petrochemical strengths to explore feedstock synergies, and select African markets are emerging as potential suppliers of key commodity inputs where infrastructure investment allows.
Asia-Pacific remains a leading center for battery materials production, with deep supplier networks, mature processing expertise, and extensive manufacturing scale. The region's strengths include established supply chains for polymer precursors, sulfur derivatives, and electrode fabrication equipment, which can accelerate the ramp of SPAN production. In addition, a dense cluster of cell manufacturers and OEMs facilitates tight feedback loops between material developers and integrators, shortening qualification timelines and enabling rapid iteration. Conditional on regional policy choices and investment flows, Asia-Pacific economies are poised to remain central to the global SPAN supply base, though increasing attention to regional diversification and environmental compliance is influencing corporate location decisions. Across all regions, the interplay of local policy, industrial capability, and end-use demand will determine where production aligns with cost, speed-to-market, and sustainability objectives.
Competitive positioning in the SPAN ecosystem reflects a mix of technology developers, materials suppliers, cell manufacturers, and integrators that are defining the early commercial landscape. Leading technology teams concentrate on delivering reproducible synthesis techniques that scale economically while preserving the microstructural features that enable stable sulfur confinement. Several established materials firms and startups are investing in pilot lines to validate production control strategies, and strategic collaborations with cell manufacturers accelerate feedback loops on electrode formulation and cell assembly processes.
Supply-side differentiation often hinges on mastery of a particular production pathway-whether optimized chemical oxidation protocols that deliver narrow impurity profiles or thermal treatment regimes that ensure consistent sulfur-polymer bonding. Firms that can offer tailored purity grades, reliable capacity grades, and form-factor-ready electrode sheets have a competitive advantage in qualifying with OEMs and tier-one integrators. In addition, companies that couple material supply with engineering support for cell conversion, safety testing, and regulatory alignment are positioned to capture higher value by shortening integration timelines for customers.
On the commercial front, firms that establish multi-region manufacturing footprints and resilient distribution channels enhance their attractiveness to customers seeking to mitigate tariff and logistics risks. Partnerships with academic institutions and national laboratories are also a common strategy to access advanced characterization capabilities and to accelerate technology validation. As the ecosystem matures, a subset of players is likely to specialize in high-purity grades for sensitive applications, while others focus on cost-optimized grades for stationary storage where lifecycle economics dominate. The competitive landscape will therefore be shaped by a combination of process excellence, vertical integration, strategic alliances, and the ability to meet rigorous quality and qualification requirements demanded by automotive and high-reliability electronics markets.
Industry leaders should adopt a multi-pronged set of actions to translate SPAN's technical promise into sustainable commercial outcomes. First, prioritize process reproducibility and quality control investments that reduce variability at scale, including enhanced inline analytics and robust batch tracing. This will lower qualification barriers with OEMs and accelerate adoption by reducing the uncertainty around long-term performance. Second, pursue targeted partnerships with cell manufacturers and system integrators to co-develop electrode formulations and validation protocols, thereby shortening the feedback loop between material innovation and system-level performance.
Third, align production geography with both demand centers and policy realities. Selective regionalization-establishing production capability where tariffs, logistics, and customer proximity deliver clear advantage-can mitigate exposure to trade-induced cost volatility. Fourth, tailor product portfolios to end-use segmentation; offer high-purity grades designed for demanding consumer electronics and automotive applications while maintaining cost-optimized variants for residential and utility-scale storage. Fifth, invest in lifecycle and safety characterization to meet evolving regulatory and procurement requirements, and proactively document environmental footprints and end-of-life pathways to address buyer concerns about circularity.
Finally, develop flexible commercialization models that include OEM supply agreements, distribution partnerships, and aftermarket channels to capture value at multiple points in the chain. Complement these commercial models with active engagement in standards and consortium efforts to shape qualification norms and to accelerate market acceptance. By combining technical rigor, strategic partnership, and adaptive commercialization tactics, industry leaders can position themselves to capture early opportunities and to scale responsibly as SPAN moves from pilot demonstrations into broader deployment.
This analysis synthesizes primary and secondary research to produce a rigorous, reproducible assessment of the SPAN positive electrode landscape. Primary inputs include structured interviews with materials scientists, cell engineers, procurement leads, and manufacturing executives, as well as plant visits and process audits where accessible. These primary engagements provided insight into pilot-scale challenges, qualification timelines, and customer acceptance criteria. Secondary sources comprised peer-reviewed technical literature, patent analyses, and publicly available regulatory and policy documentation, all used to validate technical assertions and to contextualize supply chain dynamics.
Quantitative and qualitative methods were combined to triangulate findings. Technical performance claims were evaluated against reported laboratory and pilot data, with attention to cycle life test protocols, loading levels, and failure modes. Supply chain and policy analyses integrated trade data, tariff schedules, and announced investment flows to assess likely impacts on sourcing decisions. Competitive profiling employed an evidence-based approach grounded in public disclosures, patent filings, pilot announcements, and collaboration networks. Care was taken to exclude proprietary pricing or confidential customer data; instead, the methodology focuses on observable behaviors and verifiable technical metrics.
The report emphasizes transparency in assumption-setting and scenario framing. Where forward-looking implications are discussed, they are presented as conditional outcomes based on identifiable drivers such as regional policy shifts, process maturation, or changes in raw material availability. Sensitivity considerations are highlighted so readers can adapt conclusions to their own risk tolerances and operational contexts. Collectively, these methods ensure the analysis is defensible, actionable, and relevant to decision-makers considering technical, commercial, and regulatory pathways for SPAN adoption.
Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile positive electrodes occupy a pragmatic position between laboratory innovation and near-term commercial opportunity. The material's intrinsic ability to immobilize sulfur within a conductive matrix addresses one of the primary technical hurdles for sulfur-based cathodes and offers a pathway to higher active material utilization without unduly compromising cycle life. While challenges remain-particularly in scaling consistent production processes, ensuring purity control, and demonstrating long-term reliability across diverse cell formats-the confluence of process advances, strategic partnerships, and evolving procurement priorities points to a credible path toward commercialization in targeted applications.
Adoption will be incremental and selective, concentrated where SPAN's attributes align with customer priorities for cost, safety, and material sourcing. Early commercial traction is most likely in applications where moderate to high capacity grades can be accommodated within established safety and lifecycle frameworks and where suppliers can deliver form-factor-compatible electrode products. The interplay of regional policy, tariff regimes, and manufacturing capacity will influence where scale-up occurs and which suppliers gain early advantage. Ultimately, success will depend on rigorous process control, close collaboration with cell manufacturers, and transparent demonstration of lifecycle and safety performance. For stakeholders who align product development, sourcing strategy, and partnership models with these requirements, SPAN represents a meaningful addition to the toolbox of cathode options that can contribute to diversified, resilient, and higher-performing battery systems.