한글목차

세계의 제본용 접착제 시장은 하드커버 및 소프트커버 서적의 수요 증가로 2028년까지 큰 폭으로 성장할 것으로 예상됩니다.

2022년 중국은 1-3분기 서적 소매 판매 성장률 12.4%를 기록했습니다.

하드커버·소프트커버 서적의 수요 증가

이 분야 시장 성장과 수요를 견인하는 주요 요인으로는 중국, 인도 등 일부 신흥 국가의 물리적 서적에 대한 수요 급증, 교육 기관의 확대, 고등 교육 부문의 높은 총 등록률 등을 들 수 있습니다. 또한 세계에서 물리적 서적 판매가 지속적으로 발전함에 따라 제본용 접착제에 대한 수요가 크게 증가할 것으로 예상됩니다.

예를 들어 WordsRated는 2020년에는 세계에서 7억 5,100만 권의 책이 판매될 것으로 추정하고 있습니다. 따라서 이 분야는 향후 수년간 세계 제본용 접착제 시장의 성장을 주도할 것으로 보입니다.

핫멜트, 주요 기술로 계속 부상

핫멜트 접착제는 종이, 도자기, 천, 판지, 플라스틱 등 다양한 표면과 재료에 폭넓은 접착력을 발휘합니다. 따라서 제본, DIY 등 다양한 용도에 적합합니다. 벌크 용도을위한 펠릿, 슬래그 및 블록 외에도 핫멜트 접착제는 가열식 건 용도을위한 스틱 및 연속 로프 형태로도 생산할 수 있습니다. 또한 특히 독일, 미국, 프랑스, 영국과 같은 선진국에서는 지속가능성이 높기 때문에 식물 유래 핫멜트 접착제의 사용이 증가하고 있으며, 이는 수요와 성장을 가속하고 있습니다.

예를 들어 헨켈은 2022년 6월 누에보 레온주의 과달루페에 핫멜트 접착제 공장을 신설하여 멕시코의 생산 능력을 강화했습니다.

H.B. Fuller는 2020년 제본용 메탈로센 핫멜트 접착제 제품군을 발표했습니다.

이러한 핫멜트 접착제에 대한 수요의 증가로 인해 세계 제본용 접착제 시장은 예측 기간 중 상당한 성장을 보일 것으로 예상됩니다.

폴리우레탄 접착제에 대한 수요의 증가

폴리우레탄 접착제는 우수한 유연성, 뛰어난 응집력, 다양한 점도의 가용성 등 다양한 장점으로 인해 빠른 속도로 수용되고 채택되고 있습니다. 또한 하드커버 및 소프트커버 책, 정기 간행물, 카탈로그 제조 및 주문형 인쇄에 널리 사용되고 있으며, 가까운 미래에 시장에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 것으로 예상됩니다. 또한 저온에서의 내구성도 높습니다.

예를 들어 Adhesive and Sealant Council(ASC)에 따르면 폴리우레탄 접착제는 제본 문제를 해결하는 우수한 특성을 가지고 있습니다.

이러한 요인으로 인해 폴리우레탄 접착제에 대한 수요가 증가하고 있으며, 제본용 접착제 세계 시장은 향후 수년간 크게 성장할 것으로 예상됩니다.

최근 동향

• 지난해 12월, Jowat SE는 Jowatherm(R) GROW 시리즈라는 이름으로 소나무 기름을 원료로 한 바이오 핫멜트 접착제를 생산했습니다.
• 2022년 8월, 접착성 스페셜리스트(Adhesives Specialists Inc.)와 유칼린 코퍼레이션(Eucalyptic Corporation)은 생산량 증대를 위해 합병했습니다.
• 2022년 2월, 아르케마 그룹은 많은 중요한 기술과 유명한 Ashland Performance Adhesives의 상표를 인수한다고 발표했습니다.
• 2022년 2월, 벨기에에 본사를 둔 접착제 공급업체 Fourny NV가 H.B. Fuller Company에 인수될 예정입니다.

사용 가능한 커스터마이제이션

TechSci 리서치는 주어진 시장 데이터를 사용하여 기업의 고유한 요구에 따라 맞춤화할 수 있습니다. 보고서는 다음과 같은 커스터마이제이션이 가능합니다. :

기업 정보

• 추가 시장 진출기업(최대 5개사)에 대한 심층 분석 및 프로파일링

목차

제1장 개요

• 시장의 정의
• 시장의 범위
  • 대상 시장
  • 조사 대상년
  • 주요 시장 세분화

제2장 조사 방법

• 조사 목적
• 베이스라인 조사 방법
• 주요 산업 파트너
• 주요 협회와 2차 정보원
• 예측 방법
• 데이터 삼각측량과 검증
• 가정과 한계

제3장 주요 요약

• 시장 개요
• 주요 시장 세분화의 개요
• 주요 시장 기업의 개요
• 주요 지역/국가의 개요
• 시장 촉진요인·과제·동향의 개요

제4장 VOC(고객의 소리)

제5장 제본용 접착제 세계 시장 전망

• 시장 규모와 예측
  • 금액·수량별
• 시장 점유율과 예측
  • 기술별
  • 화학별
  • 용도별
  • 지역별
  • 기업별
• 시장 맵
  • 기술별
  • 화학별
  • 용도별
  • 지역별

제6장 북미의 제본용 접착제 시장 전망

• 시장 규모·예측
  • 금액·수량별
• 시장 점유율·예측
  • 기술별
  • 화학별
  • 용도별
  • 국가별
• 가격 분석
• 북미 국가별 분석
  • 미국
  • 멕시코
  • 캐나다

제7장 유럽의 제본용 접착제 시장 전망

• 시장 규모·예측
  • 금액·수량별
• 시장 점유율과 예측
  • 기술별
  • 화학별
  • 용도별
  • 국가별
• 가격 분석
• 유럽 국가별 분석
  • 프랑스
  • 독일
  • 영국
  • 스페인
  • 이탈리아

제8장 아시아태평양의 제본용 접착제 시장 전망

• 시장 규모·예측
  • 금액·수량별
• 시장 점유율과 예측
  • 기술별
  • 용도별
  • 화학별
  • 국가별
• 가격 분석
• 아시아태평양 국가별 분석
  • 중국
  • 인도
  • 한국
  • 일본
  • 대만

제9장 남미의 제본용 접착제 시장 전망

• 시장 규모·예측
  • 금액·수량별
• 시장 점유율과 예측
  • 기술별
  • 화학별
  • 용도별
  • 국가별
• 가격 분석
• 남미 : 국가별 분석
  • 브라질
  • 아르헨티나

제10장 중동 및 아프리카의 제본용 접착제 시장 전망

• 시장 규모·예측
  • 금액·수량별
• 시장 점유율과 예측
  • 기술별
  • 화학별
  • 용도별
  • 국가별
• 가격 분석
• MEA : 국가별 분석
  • 남아프리카공화국
  • 사우디아라비아
  • 아랍에미리트

제11장 시장 역학

• 촉진요인
  • 물리 서적에 대한 수요의 증가
  • DIY 용도에서의 수요 증가
  • 바이오 기반 접착제에 대한 수요
• 과제
  • 원재료 가격의 변동
  • 온라인 자원의 이용 가능성

제12장 시장 동향과 발전

• 제품 발매
• 합병과 인수
• 기술의 진보

제13장 제본용 접착제 세계 시장 SWOT 분석

제14장 Porter's Five Forces 분석

• 업계내 경쟁
• 신규 참여의 가능성
• 공급업체의 힘
• 고객의 힘
• 대체품의 위협

제15장 경쟁 구도

• Business Overview
• Product Offerings
• Recent Developments
• Financials(In Case of Listed Companies)
• Key Personnel
• SWOT Analysis
  • Henkel AG & Co. KGAA
  • Dow Inc.
  • HB Fuller Co
  • Klebchemie M. G. Becker GmbH Co. & KG
  • Arkema S.A.
  • Chemline India Limited
  • Cherng Tay Technology Co., Ltd.
  • Tex Year Industries Inc.
  • Eastman Chemical Co.
  • Pidilite Industries Limited

제16장 전략적 제안

영문목차

Global Bookbinding Adhesives market is anticipated to grow significantly through 2028 due to the growing demand for hardcover & softcover books. In 2022, China recorded a 12.4 % of retail sales growth of books during the first three quarters.

Key factors impacting the market expansion include a quick rise in the number of bookbinding adhesive applications from a variety of applications, including print-on-demand, magazines, catalogs, hardcover and softcover books, and many others. In the upcoming years, rising government-favorable laws and significant investments in cutting-edge Hot Melt Adhesives (HMAs) by both commercial and governmental organizations worldwide are also projected to have a beneficial impact on market demand and growth.

Growing Demand for Hardcover & Softcover Books

Major factors driving the growth and demand of the segment market include the rapidly increasing demand for physical books in several emerging countries, including China and India, as well as the expansion of educational institutions and the high gross enrollment ratio in the higher education sector. Additionally, the demand for bookbinding adhesives is projected to increase significantly due to the continued development in the sales of physical books across the world.

For instance, WordsRated estimates that 751 million units of books were sold globally in 2020. Therefore, this segment will dominate the growth of Global Bookbinding Adhesives market in the upcoming years.

Hot Melt Will Continue to Be the Key Technology

Hot melt adhesives provide a wide range of adhesion to surfaces and materials, including papers, porcelain, cloth, cardboard, and plastics. This makes them ideal for many different applications, including bookbinding and do-it-yourself projects. In addition to pellets, slugs, and blocks for bulk application, hot-melt adhesives may also be produced in stick and continuous rope forms for heated gun applications. Additionally, the demand and growth are being fueled by the increasing use of plant-based hot melt adhesives, particularly in developed countries like Germany, the U.S., France, and the U.K., due to their high sustainability.

For instance, in June 2022, Henkel enhanced its production capacity in Mexico by introducing a new plant for hot melt adhesives in Guadalupe, Nuevo Leon.

H.B. Fuller introduced a metallocene hot melt adhesives range of solutions for bookbinding applications in 2020.

Thus, with the increasing demand for hot melt adhesives, Global Bookbinding Adhesives market is anticipated to witness substantial growth during the projected period.

Rising Demand for Polyurethane Adhesive

Polyurethane adhesive possesses various benefits, such as great flexibility, outstanding cohesive strength, and availability in a range of viscosities, due to which it gains acceptance and adoption at a rapid rate. Additionally, it is widely utilized in the manufacturing of hardcover and softcover books, periodicals, and catalogs, as well as print-on-demand, which is projected to have a favorable influence on the market in the near future. It also has high durability at low temperatures.

For instance, according to the Adhesive and Sealant Council (ASC), Polyurethane Adhesives have excellent properties which solve bookbinding problems.

These factors are anticipated to increase the demand for polyurethanes resulting in a driven Global Bookbinding Adhesives Market in the forecast years.

Recent Developments

• In December 2022, Jowat SE produced bio-based hot melt adhesives by the name of Jowatherm® GROW series uses pine resins as a raw material base.
• Adhesives Specialists Inc. and EUKALIN Corp. merged in August 2022 to increase production.
• In February 2022, Arkema Group announced the purchase of many important technologies and well-known Ashland Performance Adhesives trademarks.
• Fourny NV, a supplier of adhesives with headquarters in Belgium, was purchased by the H.B. Fuller Company in February 2022

Market Segmentation

Global Bookbinding Adhesives Market is segmented based on technology, chemistry application, and region. Based on technology, the market is categorized into emulsion-based and Hot Melt. Based on chemistry, the market is fragmented into polyvinyl acetate, ethylene vinyl acetate, polyurethane, and others. Based on application, the market is segregated into hardcover and softcover books, magazines, catalog, print-on-demand, and others. Based on region, the market is divided into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa, By Company.

Company Profiles

Henkel AG & Co. KGAA, Dow Inc., HB Fuller Co, Klebchemie M. G. Becker GmbH Co. & KG, Arkema S.A., Chemline India Limited, Cherng Tay Technology Co., Ltd., Tex Year Industries Inc., Eastman Chemical Co., Pidilite Industries Limited are some of the key players of Global Bookbinding Adhesives Market.

Report Scope

In this report, Global Bookbinding Adhesives market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends, which have also been detailed below:

Bookbinding Adhesives Market, By Technology:

• Emulsion-based
• Hot Melt

Bookbinding Adhesives Market, By Chemistry:

• Polyvinyl Acetate
• Ethylene Vinyl Acetate
• Polyurethane
• Others

Bookbinding Adhesives Market, By Application:

• Hardcover and Softcover Books
• Magazines and Catalogue
• Print on Demand
• Others

Bookbinding Adhesives Market, By Region:

• North America
  • United States
  • Mexico
  • Canada

• Europe
  • France
  • Germany
  • United Kingdom
  • Spain
  • Italy

• Asia-Pacific
  • China
  • India
  • South Korea
  • Japan
  • Taiwan

• South America
  • Brazil
  • Argentina

• Middle East & Africa
  • South Africa
  • Saudi Arabia
  • UAE

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies in global Bookbinding Adhesives market.

Available Customizations

With the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

• Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

• 1.1. Market Definition
• 1.2. Scope of the Market
  • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
  • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
  • 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

• 2.1. Objective of the Study
• 2.2. Baseline Methodology
• 2.3. Key Industry Partners
• 2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
• 2.5. Forecasting Methodology
• 2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
• 2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

• 3.1. Overview of the Market
• 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
• 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
• 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
• 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4. Voice of Customer

5. Global Bookbinding Adhesives Market Outlook

• 5.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 5.1.1. By Value & Volume
• 5.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 5.2.1. By Technology (Emulsion-based, Hot Melt)
  • 5.2.2. By Chemistry (Polyvinyl Acetate, Ethylene Vinyl Acetate, Polyurethane, Others)
  • 5.2.3. By Application (Hardcover and Softcover Books, Magazines and Catalogue, Print on Demand, Others)
  • 5.2.4. By Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa)
  • 5.2.5. By Company (2022)
• 5.3. Market Map
  • 5.3.1. By Technology
  • 5.3.2. By Chemistry
  • 5.3.3. By Application
  • 5.3.4. By Region

6. North America Bookbinding Adhesives Market Outlook

• 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 6.1.1. By Value & Volume
• 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 6.2.1. By Technology
  • 6.2.2. By Chemistry
  • 6.2.3. By Application
  • 6.2.4. By Country
• 6.3. Pricing Analysis
• 6.4. North America: Country Analysis
  • 6.4.1. United States Bookbinding Adhesives Market Outlook
    • 6.4.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.4.1.1.1. By Value & Volume
    • 6.4.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.4.1.2.1. By Technology
      • 6.4.1.2.2. By Chemistry
      • 6.4.1.2.3. By Application
  • 6.4.2. Mexico Bookbinding Adhesives Market Outlook
    • 6.4.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.4.2.1.1. By Value & Volume
    • 6.4.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.4.2.2.1. By Technology
      • 6.4.2.2.2. By Chemistry
      • 6.4.2.2.3. By Application
  • 6.4.3. Canada Bookbinding Adhesives Market Outlook
    • 6.4.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.4.3.1.1. By Value & Volume
    • 6.4.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.4.3.2.1. By Technology
      • 6.4.3.2.2. By Chemistry
      • 6.4.3.2.3. By Application

7. Europe Bookbinding Adhesives Market Outlook

• 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 7.1.1. By Value & Volume
• 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 7.2.1. By Technology
  • 7.2.2. By Chemistry
  • 7.2.3. By Application
  • 7.2.4. By Country
• 7.3. Pricing Analysis
• 7.4. Europe: Country Analysis
  • 7.4.1. France Bookbinding Adhesives Market Outlook
    • 7.4.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.4.1.1.1. By Value & Volume
    • 7.4.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.4.1.2.1. By Technology
      • 7.4.1.2.2. By Chemistry
      • 7.4.1.2.3. By Application
  • 7.4.2. Germany Bookbinding Adhesives Market Outlook
    • 7.4.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.4.2.1.1. By Value & Volume
    • 7.4.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.4.2.2.1. By Technology
      • 7.4.2.2.2. By Chemistry
      • 7.4.2.2.3. By Application
  • 7.4.3. United Kingdom Bookbinding Adhesives Market Outlook
    • 7.4.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.4.3.1.1. By Value & Volume
    • 7.4.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.4.3.2.1. By Technology
      • 7.4.3.2.2. By Chemistry
      • 7.4.3.2.3. By Application
  • 7.4.4. Spain Bookbinding Adhesives Market Outlook
    • 7.4.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.4.4.1.1. By Value & Volume
    • 7.4.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.4.4.2.1. By Technology
      • 7.4.4.2.2. By Chemistry
      • 7.4.4.2.3. By Application
  • 7.4.5. Italy Bookbinding Adhesives Market Outlook
    • 7.4.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.4.5.1.1. By Value & Volume
    • 7.4.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.4.5.2.1. By Technology
      • 7.4.5.2.2. By Chemistry
      • 7.4.5.2.3. By Application

8. Asia-Pacific Bookbinding Adhesives Market Outlook

• 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 8.1.1. By Value & Volume
• 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 8.2.1. By Technology
  • 8.2.2. By Application
  • 8.2.3. By Chemistry
  • 8.2.4. By Country
• 8.3. Pricing Analysis
• 8.4. Asia-Pacific: Country Analysis
  • 8.4.1. China Bookbinding Adhesives Market Outlook
    • 8.4.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.4.1.1.1. By Value & Volume
    • 8.4.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.4.1.2.1. By Technology
      • 8.4.1.2.2. By Chemistry
      • 8.4.1.2.3. By Application
  • 8.4.2. India Bookbinding Adhesives Market Outlook
    • 8.4.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.4.2.1.1. By Value & Volume
    • 8.4.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.4.2.2.1. By Technology
      • 8.4.2.2.2. By Chemistry
      • 8.4.2.2.3. By Application
  • 8.4.3. South Korea Bookbinding Adhesives Market Outlook
    • 8.4.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.4.3.1.1. By Value & Volume
    • 8.4.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.4.3.2.1. By Technology
      • 8.4.3.2.2. By Chemistry
      • 8.4.3.2.3. By Application
  • 8.4.4. Japan Bookbinding Adhesives Market Outlook
    • 8.4.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.4.4.1.1. By Value & Volume
    • 8.4.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.4.4.2.1. By Technology
      • 8.4.4.2.2. By Chemistry
      • 8.4.4.2.3. By Application
  • 8.4.5. Taiwan Bookbinding Adhesives Market Outlook
    • 8.4.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.4.5.1.1. By Value & Volume
    • 8.4.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.4.5.2.1. By Technology
      • 8.4.5.2.2. By Chemistry
      • 8.4.5.2.3. By Application

9. South America Bookbinding Adhesives Market Outlook

• 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 9.1.1. By Value & Volume
• 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 9.2.1. By Technology
  • 9.2.2. By Chemistry
  • 9.2.3. By Application
  • 9.2.4. By Country
• 9.3. Pricing Analysis
• 9.4. South America: Country Analysis
  • 9.4.1. Brazil Bookbinding Adhesives Market Outlook
    • 9.4.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.4.1.1.1. By Value & Volume
    • 9.4.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.4.1.2.1. By Technology
      • 9.4.1.2.2. By Chemistry
      • 9.4.1.2.3. By Application
  • 9.4.2. Argentina Bookbinding Adhesives Market Outlook
    • 9.4.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.4.2.1.1. By Value & Volume
    • 9.4.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.4.2.2.1. By Technology
      • 9.4.2.2.2. By Chemistry
      • 9.4.2.2.3. By Application

10. Middle East and Africa Bookbinding Adhesives Market Outlook

• 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 10.1.1. By Value & Volume
• 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 10.2.1. By Technology
  • 10.2.2. By Chemistry
  • 10.2.3. By Application
  • 10.2.4. By Country
• 10.3. Pricing Analysis
• 10.4. MEA: Country Analysis
  • 10.4.1. South Africa Bookbinding Adhesives Market Outlook
    • 10.4.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.4.1.1.1. By Value & Volume
    • 10.4.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.4.1.2.1. By Technology
      • 10.4.1.2.2. By Chemistry
      • 10.4.1.2.3. By Application
  • 10.4.2. Saudi Arabia Bookbinding Adhesives Market Outlook
    • 10.4.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.4.2.1.1. By Value & Volume
    • 10.4.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.4.2.2.1. By Technology
      • 10.4.2.2.2. By Chemistry
      • 10.4.2.2.3. By Application
  • 10.4.3. UAE Bookbinding Adhesives Market Outlook
    • 10.4.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.4.3.1.1. By Value & Volume
    • 10.4.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.4.3.2.1. By Technology
      • 10.4.3.2.2. By Chemistry
      • 10.4.3.2.3. By Application

11. Market Dynamics

• 11.1. Drivers
  • 11.1.1. Growing demand for Physical Books
  • 11.1.2. Rising demand in DIY application
  • 11.1.3. Demand for bio-based adhesives
• 11.2. Challenges
  • 11.2.1. Fluctuation in raw material prices
  • 11.2.2. Availability of online resources

12. Market Trends & Developments

• 12.1. Product Launches
• 12.2. Mergers & Acquisitions
• 12.3. Technological Advancements

13. Global Bookbinding Adhesives Market: SWOT Analysis

14. Porter's Five Forces Analysis

• 14.1. Competition in the Industry
• 14.2. Potential of New Entrants
• 14.3. Power of Suppliers
• 14.4. Power of Customers
• 14.5. Threat of Substitute Products

15. Competitive Landscape

• 15.1. Business Overview
• 15.2. Product Offerings
• 15.3. Recent Developments
• 15.4. Financials (In Case of Listed Companies)
• 15.5. Key Personnel
• 15.6. SWOT Analysis
  • 15.6.1. Henkel AG & Co. KGAA
  • 15.6.2. Dow Inc.
  • 15.6.3. HB Fuller Co
  • 15.6.4. Klebchemie M. G. Becker GmbH Co. & KG
  • 15.6.5. Arkema S.A.
  • 15.6.6. Chemline India Limited
  • 15.6.7. Cherng Tay Technology Co., Ltd.
  • 15.6.8. Tex Year Industries Inc.
  • 15.6.9. Eastman Chemical Co.
  • 15.6.10. Pidilite Industries Limited

16. Strategic Recommendations