차량 기능 안전 및 SOTIF(Safety Of The Intended Functionality)(2025년)

Vehicle Functional Safety and Safety Of The Intended Functionality (SOTIF) Research Report, 2025

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한글목차

중국의 신에너지 자동차 제조업체가 "지능형 운전의 동등한 권리"를 제안한 것처럼, 높은 수준의 자동 운전 시스템이 작동할 때 시스템이 인계 요청을 한 후 실제로 충돌하기까지 걸리는 시간은 1-2초 밖에 걸리지 않으며, OEM의"의도한 기능의 안전(SOTIF)"설계의 중요성은 자명합니다.(SOTIF)' 설계의 중요성은 자명합니다. 강제적인 산업 표준과 법규는 필수적입니다. 유럽 기능 안전 표준인 ISO 26262의 경우, 책임 메커니즘을 통해 OEM이 안전 설계에 대한 진지한 노력을 기울이도록 강제할 수 있습니다.

최근 몇 년동안 OEM과 공급업체는 기능 안전 인증을 더욱 중시하고 있습니다. 공개 정보 통계에 따르면 2024년 중국 기업은 기능안전 제품 인증 52건을 포함해 134건의 기능안전 인증을 획득했다(2023년 44건).

기능 안전 인증 외에도 SOTIF 표준의 정식 시행으로 지난 2년간 Great Wall Motor, FAW Hongqi, FAW Hongqi, Changan, GAC, Horizon Robotics, Jingwei Hirain, Huawei, Desay SV, SenseAuto 등 20개 이상의 OEM 및 공급업체가 이상의 OEM 및 공급업체가 SOTIF 프로세스를 탑재하고 사전 인증을 획득하여 자율주행 시스템의 추가 레이아웃을 위한 안전 기반을 구축했습니다.

규제 측면에서는 ISO가 기능 안전 인증에 AI를 도입하고 있습니다.

규제 측면에서는 2024년 12월 ISO가 ISO/PAS 8800: 2024 Road Vehicles-Safety and Artificial Intelligence를 공식 발표했습니다. 이 표준은 도로 주행 차량에서 AI 시스템의 안전을 관리하고 강화하며, 자동차 부문에서 AI 기술의 채택이 더욱 확대될 수 있도록 종합적인 안전 프레임워크와 가이드라인을 제공하는 것을 목표로 합니다.

ISO/PAS 8800의 주요 내용은 AI의 안전 수명주기 관리, AI 시스템 안전 요구사항, 설계 및 검증 프로세스, AI 시스템 안전 분석, 데이터 관련 안전 고려사항 등이며, ISO/PAS 8800의 구현을 통해 OEM, 부품 공급업체, 소프트웨어 개발자는 AI 관련 기술 적용에 따른 잠재적 위험을 체계적으로 식별하고 관리하여 전체 자동차 제품의 안전성을 향상시킬 수 있습니다.

또한, ISO는 2027년 출시 예정인 ISO 26262 3판에 AI 시스템의 안전 요구사항을 포함시킬 예정입니다. 여기에는 딥러닝 모델의 고장 모드 식별, 안전 메커니즘 설계, 검증 방법이 포함됩니다.

새로운 3판에서는 OEM이 데이터 수집, 모델 훈련, 배포 검증 및 기타 단계의 투명성과 추적성을 포함한 AI 개발의 완전한 라이프사이클 관리 시스템을 구축할 것을 요구하고 있습니다. 예를 들어, 신경망 출력의 결정성을 보장하기 위한 형식적 검증, AI 구성 요소의 안전 사례 수립 등이 요구됩니다.

또한, 2024년 1월에는 AI 관련 국제표준을 제정하는 IEC와 ISO의 공동위원회인 SC42가 기존의 기능안전 시스템 개발 프로세스와 AI 기술 개발의 기술적 특성 및 프로세스의 차이점에 대응하고, 기능안전 시스템에 AI 기술을 단계적으로 적용할 수 있도록 하기 위한 목적으로 한 ISO/IEC TR 5469 : 2024 Artificial Intelligence - Functional Safety and AI Systems를 수립, 공개하였습니다. 이 보고서는 안전 관련 시스템에서의 AI 기술의 적용 및 사용 수준, AI 기술의 구성요소, 비 AI 기술과 비교했을 때 AI 고유의 기술적 특성과 AI가 가져올 위험, 기능 안전 시스템에서의 AI 기술 적용 방법, AI 제어 시스템의 안전을 보장하기 위한 비 AI 기술 사용 방법, AI 시스템을 이용한 안전 관련 기능의 설계 및 개발 실무 기법 등을 다루고 있습니다.

본 보고서는 중국의 자동차 산업을 조사 분석하여 차량 기능 안전의 현황과 개발 동향, SOTIF 현황, 표준과 정책, OEM 및 솔루션 제공업체 프로파일 등의 정보를 제공합니다.

목차

제1장 차량 기능 안전 현황과 개발 동향

• 차량 기능 안전의 정의와 개발사
• 차량 기능 안전 개발 동향 1 :
• 차량 기능 안전 개발 동향 2 :
• 차량 기능 안전 개발 동향 3 :
• 차량 기능 안전 개발 동향 4 :
• 차량 기능 안전 개발 동향 5 : OEM은 안전성을 더욱 더 중시

제2장 차량 SOTIF 현황과 관련 시나리오 케이스

• 차량 SOTIF 개요
• 차량 SOTIF와 기능 안전의 통합 동향
• ADAS SOTIF
• 자율주행 시스템 SOTIF

제3장 차량 기능 안전과 SOTIF에 관한 규격과 정책

• 차량 기능의 안전 규격과 정책
• 차량 SOTIF의 규격과 정책
• ISO 26262 차량 규격
• ISO 21448 차량 규격

제4장 차량 기능 안전 개발과 SOTIF 인증

• 차량 기능 안전 인증
• 차량 SOTIF 인증
• ASPICE 인증
• 주요 차량 기능 안전/SOTIF 인증 기관

제5장 주요 자동차 부품과 시스템 기능 안전 요건, 설계, 사례

• 주요 자동차 부품 기능 안전 요건
• 자동차용 칩 제품의 기능 안전 설계와 사례
• 자동차용 운영체제의 기능 안전 설계와 사례
• 차량 집중형 EEA의 기능 안전 설계와 사례
• 자동차용 자율주행 시스템의 기능 안전 설계와 사례
• 차체, 파워트레인, 섀시, 기타 시스템의 기능 안전 설계와 사례
• 자동차용 콕핏, 배터리 매니지먼트, 기타 시스템의 기능 안전 설계와 사례

제6장 OEM의 기능 안전 및 SOTIF 레이아웃

• Changan
• GAC Group
• Great Wall Motor
• Geely
• IM Motors
• NIO
• XPeng
• Li Auto
• BMW
• Mercedes-Benz
• Ford
• Volvo

제7장 차량 기능 안전 및 SOTIF 솔루션 제공업체

• Jingwei HiRain
• VECTOR
• Bosch
• Continental
• eSOL
• Synopsys
• CICV
• Saimo Technology
• Worthy Technology
• OMNEX
• PARASOFT
• MUNIK
• SafenuX

LSH

영문 목차

영문목차

Functional safety research: under the "equal rights for intelligent driving", safety of the intended functionality (SOTIF) design is crucial

As Chinese new energy vehicle manufacturers propose "Equal Rights for Intelligent Driving," when a high-level autonomous driving system is in operation, the time from the system issuing a takeover request to an actual collision is only 1-2 seconds. The importance of "safety of the intended functionality (SOTIF)" design by OEMs is self-evident. Mandatory industry standards and laws and regulations are essential. In the case of the European functional safety standard ISO 26262, accountability mechanisms can compel OEMs to take safety design seriously.

In recent years, OEMs and suppliers have placed greater emphasis on functional safety certification. According to statistics of public information, in 2024, Chinese companies obtained 134 functional safety certifications, including 52 functional safety product certifications (compared to 44 in 2023).

In addition to functional safety certification, driven by the formal implementation of SOTIF standards, over the past two years, more than 20 OEMs and suppliers, including Great Wall Motor, FAW Hongqi, Changan, GAC, Horizon Robotics, Jingwei Hirain, Huawei, Desay SV, and SenseAuto, have deployed SOTIF processes and obtained pre-certification, laying a safety foundation for their further layout of autonomous driving systems.

In terms of regulation, ISO incorporates AI into functional safety certification.

On the regulation front, in December 2024, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) officially released ISO/PAS 8800:2024 Road Vehicles-Safety and Artificial Intelligence. This standard aims to manage and enhance the safety of AI systems in road vehicles, and provide a comprehensive safety framework and guidelines for ever wider adoption of AI technology in the automotive sector.

The core content of ISO/PAS 8800 includes: AI safety lifecycle management, safety requirements for AI systems, design and verification processes, AI system safety analysis, and data-related safety considerations. Its implementation will effectively help OEMs, component suppliers, and software developers systematically identify and manage potential risks in AI-related technology applications, thereby improving the overall safety of automotive products.

Additionally, ISO plans to include safety requirements for AI systems in the third edition of ISO 26262, scheduled for release in 2027. This will cover failure mode identification for deep learning models, safety mechanism design, and verification methods.

The new third edition requires OEMs to establish a full lifecycle management system for AI development, involving transparency and traceability in data collection, model training, deployment verification, and other stages. For example, formal verification is required to ensure the determinacy of neural network outputs, and safety cases are established for AI components.

Furthermore, in January 2024, SC 42, the joint IEC and ISO committee that develops international standards for artificial intelligence (AI), formulated and released ISO/IEC TR 5469:2024 Artificial Intelligence-Functional Safety and AI Systems, aiming to address the differences between traditional functional safety system development processes, and the technical characteristics and processes of AI technology development and enable the gradual application of AI technology in functional safety systems. The report highlights the application and usage levels of AI technology in safety-related systems, the components of AI technology, the unique technical characteristics and risks introduced by AI compared to non-AI technology, how to apply AI technology in functional safety systems, how to use non-AI technology to ensure the safety of AI-controlled systems, and practical techniques for designing and developing safety-related functions using AI systems.

Suppliers' Layout of Functional Safety Solutions for AI Systems

Facing challenges in AI system safety, suppliers such as Bosch and NVIDIA have introduced AI system safety-related solutions.

For intelligent driving, Bosch has proposed an AI Safety mechanism. Its Chinese and global teams have applied years of expertise in AI safety, including pre-research, practical processes, methodologies, and tools, into every stage of the full development cycle of functional safety for high-level intelligent driving solutions, involving data selection, model safety, and model verification, so as to ensure safety for AI-driven driving systems in all aspects.

Bosch has also introduced an innovative, systematic, and structured solution-the Machine Learning Development V-Model Process, which combines the traditional system/software development V-model and expands with a data-driven approach, referred to as the Data-Driven Engineering (DDE) process.

DDE provides a systematic process for ML system development, featuring a flexible and scalable operational design domain (ODD) analysis method. It standardizes data management methods for ML system development and provides infrastructure for safety analysis, testing, verification, and functional iteration of ML systems.

With the support of AI foundation models, the functional safety processes in vehicle function development, including hazard identification, risk assessment, functional safety concept, system design, and safety implementation, can benefit from AI at each stage.

For example, in the hazard identification phase, AI and LLMs can assist by analyzing vast datasets, historical accidents, and industry reports. They process unstructured data, such as natural language documents, to extract valuable insights that traditional methods might overlook, and detect potential hazards that could escape human eyes.

In October 2024, Jingwei Hirain successfully self-developed HIRAIN FuSa AI Agent, a functional safety agent capable of automatically conducting hazard analysis and risk assessment for functional safety analysis targets, setting safety goals, conducting safety analysis and deriving safety requirements, and continuously performing R&D testing and verification to ensure vehicle safety.

At GTC 2025, NVIDIA announced NVIDIA Halos, a full-stack, comprehensive safety system for autonomous vehicles that brings together NVIDIA's lineup of automotive hardware and software safety solutions with its cutting-edge AI research in AV safety.

Halos is a holistic safety system on three different but complementary levels. At the technology level, it spans platform, algorithmic and ecosystem safety. At the development level, it includes design-time, deployment-time and validation-time guardrails. And at the computational level, it spans AI training to deployment, using three powerful computers - NVIDIA DGX for AI training, NVIDIA Omniverse and NVIDIA Cosmos running on NVIDIA OVX for simulation, and NVIDIA DRIVE AGX for deployment.

Serving as an entry point to Halos is the NVIDIA AI Systems Inspection Lab, which allows automakers and developers to verify the safe integration of their products with NVIDIA technology. The AI Systems Inspection Lab has been accredited by the ANSI National Accreditation Board for an inspection plan integrating functional safety, cybersecurity, AI safety and regulations into a unified safety framework.

The NVIDIA DRIVE AI Systems Inspection Lab also complements the missions of independent third-party certification bodies, including technical service organizations such as TUV SUD, TUV Rheinland and exida, as well as vehicle certification agencies such as VCA and KBA. It dovetails with recent significant safety certifications and assessments of NVIDIA automotive products.

Table of Contents

1 Status Quo and Development Trends of Vehicle Functional Safety

• 1.1 Definition and Development History of Vehicle Functional Safety
• Definition of Vehicle Functional Safety
• Reasons Why Vehicle Functional Safety Is Required
• Key Features of Vehicle Functional Safety
• Development history of Vehicle Functional Safety (1)
• Development history of Vehicle Functional Safety (2)
• Purpose of Vehicle Functional Safety: Lowering Risks to An Acceptable Level
• Basic Principles of Vehicle Functional Safety Design
• General Workflow of Vehicle Functional Safety
• Example of SEooC Software Development Process
• Cost Structure of Vehicle Functional Safety
• Classification of Vehicle Functional Safety Software Tools
• Design and Verification Methods for Vehicle Functional Safety
• Basic Analysis Methods for Vehicle Functional Safety
• Basic Definitions Related to Vehicle Functional Safety
• 1.2 Development Trend 1 of Vehicle Functional Safety:
• 1.3 Development Trend 2 of Vehicle Functional Safety:
• 1.4 Development Trend 3 of Vehicle Functional Safety:
• 1.5 Development Trend 4 of Vehicle Functional Safety:
• 1.6 Development Trend 5 of Vehicle Functional Safety: OEMs Place Increasing Emphasis on Safety
• OEMs Place Greater Emphasis on Functional Safety and SOTIF Requirements
• Increasing Functional Safety Certifications of OEMs (1)
• Increasing Functional Safety Certifications of OEMs (2)
• Increasing Functional Safety Certifications of OEMs (3)
• Increasing Functional Safety Certifications of OEMs (4)
• Increasing Functional Safety Certifications of OEMs (5)
• Increasing SOTIF Certifications of OEMs
• Industrial Division of Labor in Vehicle Functional Safety (1)
• Industrial Division of Labor in Vehicle Functional Safety (2)
• Key Tasks for OEMs and Component Suppliers Regarding Functional Safety
• Steps for Implementing Functional Safety in Vehicle Projects of OEMs
• Cases of OEMs' Assessment of Suppliers' Functional Safety Capabilities
• SOTIF Development and Testing Process
• Challenges and Key Elements in Implementing Functional Safety and SOTIF in OEMs
• Status Quo and Trends of OEMs Deploying Functional Safety and SOTIF Solutions

2 Status Quo and Related Scenario Cases of Vehicle SOTIF

• 2.1 Overview of Vehicle SOTIF
• Definition of Vehicle SOTIF
• Reasons for Proposing Vehicle SOTIF
• Analysis of Vehicle SOTIF Scenarios
• Purpose of Vehicle SOTIF
• SOTIF Methodology (1)
• SOTIF Methodology (2)
• Vehicle SOTIF System Analysis Methods
• Typical Case of L3 SOTIF Design
• 2.2 Integration Trends of Vehicle SOTIF and Functional Safety
• Vehicle Functional Safety VS SOTIF
• Integration of Vehicle Functional Safety and SOTIF (1)
• Integration of Vehicle Functional Safety and SOTIF (2)
• Exploration of Integration of Vehicle Functional Safety and SOTIF Processes
• Machine Learning and Vehicle Functional Safety & SOTIF (1)
• Machine Learning and Vehicle Functional Safety & SOTIF (2)
• Breakthroughs in Real-time SOTIF Risk Perception and Protection Technologies
• 2.3 SOTIF in ADAS
• SOTIF in Lane Keeping System
• SOTIF in Autonomous Emergency Braking
• SOTIF in Adaptive Cruise Control
• SOTIF in Traffic Congestion System
• SOTIF in Automated Parking System
• SOTIF Design of Control Strategies for Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB)
• 2.4 SOTIF in Autonomous Driving System
• Composition of Autonomous Driving System
• SOTIF Related to Perception
• SOTIF Related to Prediction
• SOTIF Related to Decision
• SOTIF Technologies Related to Control
• SOTIF Related to Human-Machine Interaction
• SOTIF in V2X

3 Standards and Policies Concerning Vehicle Functional Safety and SOTIF

• 3.1 Vehicle Functional Safety Standards and Policies
• Global Vehicle Functional Safety Standards
• Development of Foreign Functional Safety and SOTIF Standards
• Development of ISO 26262 International Functional Safety Standards
• ISO 26262 Third Edition Update Plan
• ISO 26262 Third Edition Update Plan
• ISO 26262 Third Edition Update Plan
• Vehicle Functional Safety in the EU
• Development of Vehicle Functional Safety in the US
• Development of Vehicle Functional Safety Standards in China
• Vehicle Functional Safety Standard Research Organizations in China
• Vehicle Functional Safety Standard Research Organizations in China: Architecture of Vehicle Functional Safety Standardization Promotion Center
• China's Special Standards for Vehicle Functional Safety
• China's Vehicle Functional Safety Standards
• Testing and Evaluation Methods for Vehicle Functional Safety and SOTIF
• China's Medium- and Long-Term Plan for Vehicle Functional Safety and SOTIF Standards Research
• China's Policies Concerning Vehicle Functional Safety and SOTIF
• Guidelines for the Construction of the National Internet of Vehicles Industry Standard System (Intelligent Connected Vehicles) (2023)
• Notice on Piloting Admittance and Road Access of Intelligent Connected Vehicles: Overall Requirements and Organized Implementation
• Notice on Piloting Admittance and Road Access of Intelligent Connected Vehicles: Supporting Measures
• Notice on Piloting Admittance and Road Access of Intelligent Connected Vehicles: Explanation (1)
• Notice on Piloting Admittance and Road Access of Intelligent Connected Vehicles: Explanation (2)
• Implementation Guide for Piloting Admittance and Road Access of Intelligent Connected Vehicles (Trial): Functional Safety Requirements at Corporate Level
• Implementation Guide for Piloting Admittance and Road Access of Intelligent Connected Vehicles (Trial): Corporate Requirements for Functional Safety Guarantee
• Implementation Guide for Piloting Admittance and Road Access of Intelligent Connected Vehicles (Trial): Corporate Requirements for SOTIF Guarantee
• Implementation Guide for Piloting Admittance and Road Access of Intelligent Connected Vehicles (Trial): Requirements at Product Level
• Implementation Guide for Piloting Admittance and Road Access of Intelligent Connected Vehicles (Trial): Requirements for Functional Safety of Vehicles and Autonomous Driving Systems
• Implementation Guide for Piloting Admittance and Road Access of Intelligent Connected Vehicles (Trial): Requirements for SOTIF of Vehicles and Autonomous Driving Systems
• 3.2 Vehicle SOTIF Standards and Policies
• Vehicle SOTIF Standards
• SOTIF-Related Requirements in Major Countries' Autonomous Driving System Regulations and Standards
• China's Main Vehicle SOTIF Standards
• Construction of Vehicle SOTIF Standards in China
• 3.3 ISO 26262 Vehicle Standards
• ISO 26262 Vehicle Functional Safety Standards
• ISO 26262 First Edition VS Second Edition
• ISO 26262 Third Edition Covers New Use Cases
• Introduction to ISO 26262 Standard Content
• ISO 26262-2: Management of Functional Safety (1)
• ISO 26262-2: Management of Functional Safety (2)
• ISO 26262-3: Functional Safety Concept
• ISO 26262-3: Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment (HARA) (1)
• ISO 26262-3: Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment (HARA) (2)
• ISO 26262-3: Hierarchy of Safety Goals and Functional Safety Requirements
• ISO 26262-4: Product Development at the System Level
• ISO 26262-4: Technical Safety Concept
• ISO 26262-4: System and Item Integration and Testing (1)
• ISO 26262-4: System and Item Integration and Testing (2)
• ISO 26262-4: System and Item Integration and Testing (3)
• ISO 26262-4: System and Item Integration and Testing (4)
• ISO 26262-5: Product Development at the Hardware Level (1)
• ISO 26262-5: Product Development at the Hardware Level (2)
• ISO 26262-5: Hardware Design
• ISO 26262-5: Hardware Safety Analysis
• ISO 26262-5: Hardware Design Verification
• ISO 26262-5: Evaluation of the Hardware Architectural Metrics
• ISO 26262-5: Evaluation of Safety Goal Violations due to Random Hardware Failures (1)
• ISO 26262-5: Evaluation of Safety Goal Violations due to Random Hardware Failures (2)
• ISO 26262-5: Evaluation of Safety Goal Violations due to Random Hardware Failures (3)
• ISO 26262-5: Hardware Integration and Testing (1)
• ISO 26262-5: Hardware Integration and Testing (2)
• ISO 26262-6: Software Functional Safety
• ISO 26262-6: General Topics for the Product Development at the Software Level
• ISO 26262-6: Software Development Plan
• ISO 26262-6: Software Safety Requirements
• ISO 26262-6: Software Architectural Design
• ISO 26262-6: Software Architectural Design - Software Safety Mechanisms
• ISO 26262-6: Software Architectural Design - Mechanisms for Software Error Handling
• ISO 26262-6: Software Architectural Design - Software Architecture Verification Methods
• ISO 26262-6: Software Unit Design and Implementation
• ISO 26262-6: Software Unit Verification
• ISO 26262-6: Software Unit Test Case Derivation and Coverage Analysis
• ISO 26262-6: Software Integration and Verification
• ISO 26262-6: Software Integration Test Coverage
• ISO 26262-6: Testing of the Embedded Software
• 3.4 ISO 21448 Vehicle Standards
• Vehicle SOTIF Standards
• Development of ISO 21448 Vehicle SOTIF Standards
• ISO/CD 21448 Vehicle SOTIF Standards Catalog
• Vehicle SOTIF Development Process (1)
• Vehicle SOTIF Development Process (2): Specification Definition and Design
• Vehicle SOTIF Development Process (3): Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment
• Vehicle SOTIF Development Process (4): Identification and Evaluation of Potential Functional Insufficiencies and Potential Triggering Conditions
• Vehicle SOTIF Development Process (5): System Optimization and Improvement
• Vehicle SOTIF Development Process (6): Product Verification and Evaluation
• Vehicle SOTIF Development Process (7): Product Verification and Evaluation
• Vehicle SOTIF Development Process (8): Product Verification and Evaluation
• Vehicle SOTIF Development Process (9): Operation Phase Activities

4 Development of Vehicle Functional Safety and SOTIF Certifications

• 4.1 Vehicle Functional Safety Certification
• Overview of Vehicle Functional Safety Certification
• Categories of Functional Safety Certification
• Main Processes of Vehicle Functional Safety Certification
• Basic Steps of Vehicle Functional Safety Process Certification
• Basic Steps of Vehicle Functional Safety Product Certification
• Cases of Functional Safety Product Certification R&D Process (1)
• Cases of Functional Safety Product Certification R&D Process (2)
• Achievements in Vehicle Functional Safety Certification
• Vehicle Functional Safety Certification Levels - ASIL
• Vehicle Software Certification and Tool Confidence Level (TCL)
• Tool Confidence Level (TCL) Evaluation Process
• Main Methods of Vehicle Functional Safety Certification
• Major Third-Party Certification Authorities of Vehicle Functional Safety (1)
• Major Third-Party Certification Authorities of Vehicle Functional Safety (2)
• Statistics on Chinese Companies Passing Vehicle Functional Safety Certification
• 4.2 Vehicle SOTIF Certification
• Overview of SOTIF Certification
• Vehicle SOTIF Certification Process
• Evaluation of Vehicle SOTIF Assurance System
• Key Deliverables in Vehicle SOTIF Certification Management Process
• Third-Party Certification Authorities of Vehicle SOTIF
• OEMs Passing SOTIF Certification, 2022 - March 2025
• Suppliers Passing SOTIF Certification, 2022 - March 2025
• 4.3 ASPICE Certification
• Introduction to ASPICE
• Content of ASPICE
• Capability Levels of ASPICE
• ASPICE Development Process
• ASPICE Process Construction and Tool Providers
• Relationship between ASPICE and ISO 26262
• Integration of ASPICE and Functional Safety
• Integration of ASPICE and Vehicle Development
• Overview of ASPICE Certification
• ASPICE Certification Process
• ASPICE Certification Audit
• ASPICE Certification Audit: Preparation
• ASPICE Certification Audit: Execution
• 4.4 Major Vehicle Functional Safety and SOTIF Certification Authorities
  • 4.4.1 SGS Group
• One-Stop Solutions for Automotive Industry
• One-Stop Solutions for Automotive Industry
• Functional Safety Services
• ISO 26262 Certification
• Technical Solution Process of ISO 26262 Certification
• SOTIF Services
• Major Clients of ISO 26262 Certification: International
• Major Clients of ISO 26262 Certification: China
• 4.4.2 TUV Rheinland
• Profile
• Automotive Service Capabilities
• ISO 26262 Certification Services
• ASPICE Certification
• 4.4.3 TUV SUD
• Automotive Solutions
• Vehicle Functional Safety Certification Services
• Functional Safety Training Services
• 4.4.4 DNV
• Profile
• Vehicle Functional Safety Certification
• ASPICE Certification
• 4.4.5 UL Solutions
• Functional Safety Certification Services
• Vehicle Functional Safety Certification Services
• SOTIF Certification Services
• Chinese Product Certification Schemes
• 4.4.6 DEKRA
• Profile
• Vehicle Functional Safety
• Vehicle Cybersecurity
• Type Approval and Regulatory Certification
• 4.4.7 ResilTech
• Profile
• Provide Safety Certification and Certification Items
• 4.4.8 Bureau Veritas (BV)
• Profile
• ISO 26262, TISAX, ISO 39001
• Automotive Standard IATF 16949
• 4.4.9 Exida
• Equipment Certification
• 4.4.10 China Certification Center For Automotive Products
• Functional Safety Certification Services
• Automotive ASPICE
• 4.4.11 China Quality Certification Center (CQC)
• Organizational Structure and Certification Process
• Functional Safety Certification Services
• Vehicle Functional Safety and ASPICE Technical Service Items
• IATF 16949, QMS Certification for Automotive Industry
• 4.4.12 CEPREI Certification Body
• CEPREI (the Fifth Institute of Electronics of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology)
• CEPREI Certification Body
• CEPREI Obtains Internationally Recognized ISO 26262 Certification
• ISO 26262
• ISO 21448
• IATF 16949, ISO/SAE 21434
• ISO 24089, AEC Q
• Automotive SPICE

5 Functional Safety Requirements, Design and Cases of Major Automotive Components and Systems

• 5.1 Functional Safety Requirements of Major Automotive Components
• Areas Involved in Vehicle Functional Safety
• ASIL Requirements for Functional Safety of Major Automotive Components
• Functional Safety Requirements for Basic Software Layer of Automotive Domain Controllers
• Automotive Companies That Need to Meet ISO 26262 Requirements
• Functional Safety Layout of Component Suppliers
• 5.2 Functional Safety Design and Cases of Automotive Chip Products
• ASIL Requirements for Common Automotive ECUs
• Typical Safety Mechanism Technologies in Automotive Chips
• Chip-Level Vehicle Functional Safety Supporting Distributed System-Wide Monitoring
• Functional Safety Solutions for Automotive SoCs
• Functional Safety Solutions for Automotive SoCs/MCUs
• Functional Safety for Digital Chips
• Functional Safety Design of DRAM
• Chiplet Technology and Functional Safety
• Functional Safety Design of Qualcomm 8295
• Internal Structure of Functional Safety Management Module of Qualcomm 8295
• Functional Safety Design of Qualcomm 8775: Built-in 4-Core Functional Safety Island
• Internal Structure of Functional Safety Island System of Qualcomm 8775
• Functional Safety Design of Qualcomm Software
• Functional Safety Certification and Safety Mechanism Applications of AutoChips' Major Automotive Chip Products
• Functional Safety Mechanisms of AutoChips' Cockpit SoC Products
• Functional Safety Mechanisms of AutoChips' Automotive MCU AC7801x
• Functional Safety Mechanisms of AutoChips' Automotive MCU AC7840x
• Functional Safety Mechanisms of ChipON's Automotive MCU KF32A158
• C*Core Technology's Automotive MCU Product Line Layout
• Functional Safety Design of C*Core Technology's Next-Gen High-Performance Automotive MCU CCFC3012PT
• Functional Safety Layout Cases of Suppliers (3): ARM
• Functional Safety Design of C*Core Technology's Automotive MCU CCFC3008PT
• Functional Safety Layout Cases of Suppliers (3): ARM's Functional Safety Solutions
• Functional Safety Layout Cases of Suppliers (3): ARM's Split-Core, Lockstep, and Mixed Modes
• Functional Safety Layout Cases of Suppliers (3): Application Cases of ARM's Split-Core, Lockstep, and Mixed Modes
• 5.3 Functional Safety Design and Cases of Automotive Operating Systems
• High-Safety Requirements of Next-Gen Intelligent Vehicle Operating Systems
• Practical Implementation of Functional Safety for Intelligent Vehicle Operating Systems
• Functional Safety of Linux
• Functional Safety of BlackBerry QNX OS
• Functional Safety Solution for BlackBerry QNX Basic Platform Software
• Functional Safety for QNX Virtualization Basic Software Platform
• Functional Safety Mechanisms for Intelligent Driving OS: Functional Safety Goals of Functional Software of Intelligent Driving OS of Automotive Intelligence and Control of China (AICC)
• Functional Safety Mechanisms for Intelligent Driving OS: Functional Safety Mechanisms of Functional Software of Intelligent Driving OS of Automotive Intelligence and Control of China (AICC)
• Functional Safety of Vehicle Control OS
• Functional Safety Mechanisms of Vehicle Control OS
• 5.4 Functional Safety Design and Cases of Vehicle Centralized EEA
• Challenges in Design and Development of Functional Safety of Centralized EEA
• Functional Safety Development Process of Centralized EEA
• Functional Safety Development Requirements of Centralized EEA
• Key Factors to Be Considered in Design and Development of Functional Safety for Centralized EEA
• Redundancy Design in Functional Safety Development for Centralized EEA
• Functional Safety Development Practice Case: IM Motors
• Challenges in Hardware Functional Safety in CCU + Zonal Architecture, and Solutions (1)
• Challenges in Hardware Functional Safety in CCU + Zonal Architecture, and Solutions (2)
• Functional Safety Design of Cockpit-Driving Integration Computing Platform with Dual SoCs (Orin X + Qualcomm 8295)
• Functional Safety of In-Vehicle Networks: NXP's ASIL B-Compliant In-Vehicle Network Product TJA1103
• Functional Safety of Vehicle Intelligent Computing Platforms
• Functional Safety Evaluation for Vehicle Computing Foundation Platforms
• Functional Safety of BlackBerry QNX-Based Cockpit-Driving Integration Controller
• 5.5 Functional Safety Design and Cases of Automotive Autonomous Driving Systems
• Functional Safety-Related Standard Requirements of Autonomous Driving Systems
• Functional Safety Product Certification of Major Suppliers of Intelligent Driving OS
• Functional Safety Product Certification of Major Suppliers of Intelligent Driving Middleware and System Software
• Functional Safety Product Certification of Major Suppliers of Intelligent Driving and Parking Solutions
• Functional Safety Certification of Intelligent Driving Domain Controller and Other Computing Platform Products
• Functional Safety Certification of Sensor and Radar Products
• Functional Safety Certification of Central Computing Chip Products
• Functional Safety Certification of Intelligent Driving SoC Products
• Functional Safety Certification of MCUs for Intelligent Driving
• Functional Safety Design of Typical L4 Autonomous Driving Systems: Fail-Operational Architecture and Backup Systems
• Functional Safety Design of Typical L4 Autonomous Driving Systems: Functional Safety Architecture and Redundancy Design
• Functional Safety Design of Typical L4 Autonomous Driving Systems
• Functional Safety Design of Typical L3 Autonomous Driving Systems: Redundant Control Network Architecture
• Functional Safety Design of Typical L3 Autonomous Driving Systems: Braking Redundancy Control Strategy
• Functional Safety Requirements of Driving Assistance Systems
• Functional Safety Requirements of Intelligent Driving Function HPA
• Functional Safety Requirements of Intelligent Driving System ICC
• NVIDIA Halos: A Full-Stack Comprehensive Safety System for Autonomous Vehicles
• Functional Safety Deployment Scheme for NVIDIA Autonomous Driving System
• Functional Safety Design of NVIDIA DRIVE OS
• Functional Safety Design of NVIDIA Orin
• Safety Architecture of ADAS Controllers
• Functional Safety Design of Intelligent Driving Systems with SoC + MCU
• Functional Safety Design of Single-SoC Intelligent Driving Domain Controllers: Functional Safety Island Integrated into SoC
• Functional Safety Design of Intelligent Driving Domain Controllers: Main SoC + Redundant Backup SoC Must Meet ASIL D Standards
• Functional Safety Design of High-level Autonomous Driving Domain Controllers (1)
• Functional Safety Design of High-level Autonomous Driving Domain Controllers (6)
• Cases of Overall System Safety Design for Autonomous Driving
• Functional Safety for ADAS Lane Departure Warning
• End-to-End Functional Safety Case of L2 Autonomous Driving Systems
• Functional Safety of Autonomous Driving Computing and Decision System Platforms
• Functional Safety Solutions for Parking Systems
• Functional Safety Implementation for Autonomous Driving Projects (Torque)
• Functional Safety Solutions for Autonomous Driving Software Middleware
• 5.6 Functional Safety Design and Cases of Vehicle Body, Powertrain, Chassis and Other Systems
• Functional Safety Requirements of Intelligent Chassis Technologies
• Introduction of Functional Safety Requirements in Steering and Braking Related Standards
• Updates in 2025 Edition of Vehicle Functional Safety Validation
• Functional Safety Product Certification of Powertrain, Braking, Steering, and Chassis Systems of Major Companies
• Functional Safety Product Certification of E-Drive Systems of Major Companies
• Functional Safety of MCUs for Powertrain and Chassis Domains (1)
• Functional Safety of MCUs for Powertrain and Chassis Domains (2)
• Functional Safety Product Certification Status of Body Control Systems of Major Companies
• Functional Safety Certification of Major MCUs for Body Domain (1)
• Functional Safety Certification of Major MCUs for Body Domain (2)
• Functional Safety Design of Intelligent Chassis Control Technologies: Fail-Safe Control
• Functional Safety Design of Intelligent Chassis Control Technologies: Fail-Safe Control
• Functional Safety Design of Intelligent Chassis Control Technologies: Fail-Safe Design Indicators
• Functional Safety Design of Intelligent Chassis Control Technologies: Health Status Management
• Functional Safety Design of Intelligent Chassis Control Technologies: Chassis Health Management Indicators
• Functional Safety Design of All-in-one E-Drive Systems: Functional Safety Design of E-Drive Systems of Shanghai E-Drive Foresight Research Institute
• Safety Protection Design of E-Drive Systems
• Functional Safety Design of All-in-one E-Drive Systems: Functional Safety Design of Geely's 11-in-1 E-Drive System
• Functional Safety Design of EMB Control Module in Chassis Domain Controller: Chance Technology's EMB Redundancy Design
• Functional Safety Solution for Power Domain Controller: Infineon AURIX TC297TA-Based Power Domain Controller
• Functional Safety Design of Braking Systems
• Functional Safety Solution for Steer-by-Wire Systems
• SOTIF Solution for Steer-by-Wire Systems
• Functional Safety Library Design of Shanghai ZC Technology's Intelligent Chassis
• 5.7 Functional Safety Design and Cases of Automotive Cockpit, Battery Management, and Other Systems
• Functional Safety Product Certification of Cockpit SoC Products
• Functional Safety Product Certification of Cockpit MCUs
• Functional Safety Product Certification of Cockpit Domain MCUs
• Functional Safety Design of Virtualization-Based Cockpit Systems
• Functional Safety Design of Hardware Isolation-Based Cockpit Systems
• Functional Safety Design of Cockpit Domain Control System Based on Qualcomm 8295 (1): SoC + MCU
• Functional Safety Design of Cockpit Domain Control System Based on Qualcomm 8295 (2)
• Functional Safety Requirements of Vehicle Displays
• Functional Safety Mechanism for Single-Chip Cockpit-Parking Integration Solutions: Chip Built-in Functional Safety Island
• Functional Safety Product Certification of BMS and Batteries of Major Companies
• Functional Safety Product Certification of Simulation and Testing Tools
• PACK Functional Safety Working Concept
• Functional Safety Solution for MPS' Automotive Power Supply
• LiDAR Functional Safety Design Features

6 Functional Safety and SOTIF Layout of OEMs

• 6.1 Changan
• Status Quo and Trends of Functional Safety and SOTIF Solution Layout
• Status Quo of Functional Safety Layout
• Intelligent Driving Domain Controller Functional Safety Design Strategy: Mutual Monitoring between SOC and MCU to Achieve Safety Redundancy
• Intelligent Driving Domain Controller Functional Safety Design Strategy: Case
• Status Quo of Functional Safety Layout
• Functional Safety Organization Team
• Functional Safety Business Philosophy
• Software Quality Management: System Construction
• Software Quality Management: Organizational Setup
• Software Quality Management: Functional Safety/SOTIF
• 6.2 GAC Group
• Status Quo and Trends of Functional Safety and SOTIF Solution Layout
• Functional Safety Certification
• Functional Safety of Intelligent Driving System
• Functional Safety of Latest EEA
• Functional Safety of Intelligent Driving System
• 6.3 Great Wall Motor
• Status Quo and Trends of Functional Safety and SOTIF Solution Layout Functional Safety Certification
• Functional Safety of GEEP 4.0 Architecture
• Functional Safety Deployment of Coffee Intelligence
• Functional Safety Deployment of Coffee Intelligence: Controller Redundancy, Architecture Redundancy
• Functional Safety Deployment of Coffee Intelligence: Multi-Source Heterogeneous Sensor Solution with Perception Redundancy
• Six Major Safety Redundancy Systems of Coffee Intelligence: Power Redundancy, Braking Redundancy
• Functional Safety Deployment of Coffee Intelligence: Fully Redundant Steering System
• Functional Safety Deployment of Coffee Intelligence: Redundant Systems in Great Wall Mecha Dragon
• 6.4 Geely
• Status Quo and Trends of Functional Safety and SOTIF Solution Layout
• Functional Safety Certification
• Full-Domain Safety Layout
• Functional Safety Design of GEEA 3.0
• Functional Safety of L3 Intelligent Driving
• Thor EM-i Super Hybrid Functional Safety Strategy: Hybrid Safety Redundancy Patent Technology
• Functional Safety Deployment of 11-in-1 E-Drive System
• Introduction of S-SDLC
• Functional Safety Design Scheme of Steer-by-Wire (SbW): Classification of Functional Safety Hazards in Electronic Control
• Functional Safety Design Scheme of Steer-by-Wire (SbW): Functional Safety Goals of Steer-by-Wire
• Functional Safety Design Scheme of Steer-by-Wire (SbW): Driving Strategy Analysis in Case of Steer-by-Wire Failure
• Functional Safety Design Scheme of Steer-by-Wire (SbW): Redundancy Backup Planning
• Functional Safety Design of Chassis Domain Controller Software Architecture
• Functional Safety Design of Chassis Domain Controller: System Backup Solution Design
• 6.5 IM Motors
• Status Quo and Trends of Functional Safety and SOTIF Solution Layout
• Safety System Construction: Five-Zero Safety System
• Functional Safety Design of Digital Chassis: VMC Independent EMB Module as Mutual Redundant Backup
• Challenges in Functional Safety Development of Centralized EEA
• Functional Safety Development Process of Centralized EEA
• Functional Safety Development Requirements of Centralized EEA
• Redundancy Design in Design and Development of Functional Safety of Centralized EEA
• Practice Case of Functional Safety Development of Centralized EEA
• 6.6 NIO
• Status Quo and Trends of Functional Safety and SOTIF Solution Layout
• SOTIF Certification
• Functional Safety Design of Vehicle Full-Domain Operating System SkyOS
• Seven-Layer Vehicle Safety Redundancy Design in NIO ET9
• Supercomputing Platform Functional Safety Strategy of NT2.0 Platform: Built-In Independent Redundant Backup Chip
• Functional Safety Strategy of Chassis Domain Controller: Redundant Design of Intelligent Chassis Controller (ICC)
• 6.7 XPeng
• Status Quo and Trends of Functional Safety and SOTIF Solution Layout
• Functional Safety Strategy of Canghai Platform: Redundancy Design
• Intelligent Driving Functional Safety Strategy
• 6.8 Li Auto
• Status Quo and Trends of Functional Safety and SOTIF Solution Layout
• Functional Safety Design Strategy Principles
• Functional Safety Strategy of Braking System: Redundant Backup Solutions for Braking, Steering, etc.
• Autonomous Driving Scenario Library Construction
• Functional Safety Cases: Four-Door Collision Unlock Functional Safety Design
• Functional Safety Cases: Four-Door Cross Power Supply Design
• Vehicle Power Supply Functional Safety Strategy: Vehicle Power Supply Backup Solution
• 6.9 BMW
• Status Quo and Trends of Functional Safety and SOTIF Solution Layout
• Safety Strategy
• Functional Safety of Autonomous Driving Platform Architecture (1)
• Functional Safety Design and Deployment of Autonomous Driving Platform Architecture (1): Hardware Redundancy Design
• Functional Safety Design and Deployment of Autonomous Driving Platform Architecture (2): Architecture and System Redundancy Design
• Functional Safety Design of L3 Autonomous Driving
• Functional Safety Design and Deployment of Autonomous Driving Platform Architecture (3): Drive System Redundancy Design
• Functional Safety of Autonomous Driving Platform Architecture (2)
• 6.10 Mercedes-Benz
• Status Quo and Trends of Functional Safety and SOTIF Solution Layout
• Automotive Functional Safety
• Functional Safety and SOTIF Measures of L3 System Drive Pilot
• Holistic Safety Concept
• 6.11 Ford
• Safety Strategy
• Vehicle Functional Safety Analysis Process
• 6.12 Volvo
• World Tree Intelligent Safety System
• Functional Safety Design of Exhaust Brake System

7 Vehicle Functional Safety and SOTIF Solution Providers

• 7.1 Jingwei HiRain
• Functional Safety and SOTIF Solutions
• Overview of Functional Safety Team
• Functional Safety Agent Product: HIRAIN FuSa AI Agent
• Functional Safety Agent Product: HIRAIN FuSa AI Agent
• Intelligent Connected Vehicle (ICV) Functional Safety Development Solutions
• ICV Functional Safety Consulting Solution Process
• ICV Functional Safety Development Solutions: Vehicle-Level Functional Safety Development
• ICV Functional Safety Development Solutions: Component-Level Functional Safety Development
• ICV Functional Safety Development Solutions: Functional Safety R&D Toolchain Planning
• ICV Intelligent Driving Functional Safety Solutions
• ICV Intelligent Driving Functional Safety Solutions: Certification Items for Intelligent Driving Safety Products
• ICV Intelligent Driving Functional Safety Solutions: Consulting Services
• Intelligent Driving Functional Safety Development Platform
• ICV SOTIF Development Solutions
• ICV SOTIF Development Solutions: SOTIF Process Services
• ICV SOTIF Development Solutions: SOTIF Product Services
• ICV SOTIF Development Solutions: Autonomous Driving Safety Component Products
• ICV Functional Safety Testing Solutions
• ICV Functional Safety/SOTIF Testing Solutions
• ICV Functional Safety Testing Solutions: Functional Safety Testing Consulting Services
• ICV Functional Safety Testing Solutions: Software Development Phase Testing
• ICV Functional Safety Testing Solutions: System-Level Functional Safety Testing
• ICV Functional Safety Testing Solutions: Vehicle-Level Functional Safety Testing
• ICV SOTIF Testing Solutions: SOTIF Testing Consulting Services
• ICV SOTIF Testing Solutions: Simulation Testing
• ICV SOTIF Testing Solutions: Real-Vehicle Testing
• Development and Verification Platform for Intelligent Driving Functional Safety & SOTIF
• Research on Vehicle Functional Safety Development Under SOA
• 7.2 VECTOR
• Functional Safety Solutions
• SOTIF Solutions
• Vehicle Functional Safety Solutions
• Functional Safety Solutions: Vehicle Functional Safety Consulting Services
• PREEvision Design Tool Supports Functional Safety Processes
• MICROSAR Safe
• MICROSAR Adaptive Safe
• Vehicle Functional Safety Testing - VectorCAST
• Functional Safety Testing
• Vehicle Functional Safety Analysis Data Quantification Tool: Squore
• SOTIF Solution: Consulting Services
• 7.3 Bosch
• Vehicle Functional Safety and SOTIF Solutions
• Functional Safety Services
• AI Safety Layout
• AI System Safety Analysis Solutions
• AI System Safety Analysis Solutions: Four Levels (1)
• AI System Safety Analysis Solutions: Four Levels (5)
• SOTIF Development V-Model
• Data-Driven Engineering (DDE) Process: Four Layers
• Data-Driven Engineering (DDE) Process: ODD as the Starting Point
• Data-Driven Engineering (DDE) Process: V-Model
• DDE Addresses Safety Challenges of ML Systems
• Autonomous Driving System Redundancy Design Solutions (1)
• Autonomous Driving System Redundancy Design Solutions (2)
• Functional Safety Strategy of Braking System: Redundancy Design Solutions (1)
• Functional Safety Strategy of Braking System: Redundancy Design Solutions (2)
• Functional Safety Strategy of Braking System: Redundancy Design Solutions (3)
• Functional Safety Design for Hybrid Electric Vehicles
• Mainstream Functional Safety Solutions for Intelligent Cockpits
• TARA Engineering
• 7.4 Continental
• Vehicle Functional Safety Solutions
• Functional Safety Consulting and Development Services
• Functional Safety Training Services
• 7.5 eSOL
• Key Tools for Functional Safety
• Activities and Related Tool Products for Functional Safety Standards
• Consulting Services for Functional Safety Standards
• Vehicle Functional Safety Document Package Products
• 7.6 Synopsys
• Functional Safety Solutions
• Native Automotive Solutions
• Functional Safety Verification Solutions
• VC Functional Safety Management
• TestMAX Testing Solution
• IP for ISO 26262 Vehicle Functional Safety
• DesignWare ARC Functional Safety Software
• Functional Safety Standard-Compliant IP for ADAS SoCs
• Functional Safety Standard-Compliant IP for Connected Vehicles and Infotainment System SoCs
• Functional Safety Standard-Compliant IP for Gateway SoCs
• DesignWare IP Subsystem
• IP for ISO 26262 Vehicle Functional Safety
• 7.7 CICV
• Profile
• Functional Safety-Related Software Tools
• Functional Safety Quality Management Functions and Tool Tree
• Functional Safety Software Tool Evaluation
• Establishment of SOTIF Working Group
• SOTIF Development Process
• 7.8 Saimo Technology
• Profile
• SOTIF Analysis Tool: Safety Pro
• Saimo and SGS Established a Partnership in China
• 7.9 Worthy Technology?
• Profile
• Vehicle Functional Safety Consulting Services
• Implementation Solutions for Automotive Electronics Industry Standards
• 7.10 OMNEX
• Functional Safety Solutions
• Profile
• Functional Safety Software Products
• Electric and Autonomous Vehicle Software Platform
• OMNEX FuSA Project
• 7.11 PARASOFT
• Functional Safety Solutions
• Profile
• Solutions to Help Customers Meet Functional Safety Standards
• Advantages of Functional Safety Solutions
• Parasoft C/C++test
• Parasoft DTP
• Major Automotive Clients
• Parasoft Co-Established Functional Safety Group (FSG)
• FSG Provides One-Stop Functional Safety Certification Services
• 7.12 MUNIK
• Functional Safety Solutions
• Profile
• Functional Safety Technical Service Provider
• Technical Service Scope
• Technical Service Modes
• ISO 26262 Semiconductor Functional Safety: Full-Process Technical Services
• ISO 26262 Semiconductor Functional Safety: Training Services
• ISO 26262 Semiconductor Functional Safety: Process Consulting Services
• ISO 26262 Semiconductor Functional Safety: Product Consulting Services
• ISO 21448 SOTIF: Full-Process Technical Services
• Semiconductor Functional Safety FMEDA Tool
• Safety Analysis and Management Software: EnCore SOX
• Major Clients
• Major Clients
• 7.13 SafenuX
• Profile
• Products and Services
• Software Code Compliance Services
• ASIL B Software Code Compliance Services

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