Acute Care Hospital Beds and Stretchers Market: Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast, 2025 - 2032
세계의 급성기 병원용 침대 및 스트레처 시장 규모는 2025년에 80억 3,910만 달러에 달할 것으로 보이며, 2025-2032년의 예측 기간에 1.7%의 연평균 복합 성장률(CAGR)로 확대되어 2032년에는 90억 6,770만 달러에 이를 것으로 예상됩니다.
급성기 병원용 침대 및 스트레처는 중요한 치료 중에 환자에게 편안함과 지원을 제공하는 데 매우 중요한 역할을 합니다. 아픈 질병에 이르기까지 다양한 급성 질환 환자에 대응할 수 있도록 설계되었습니다. 현장에는 수동식 및 전동식 병원용 침대, 집중치료실(ICU)용 침대, 스트레처, 기타 병원용 가구 등 다양한 제품이 있습니다. 제품의 주요 최종 사용자이며 입원 중 환자의 이동성, 안전성 및 편안함을 보장하는 데 필수적입니다.
세계의 급성기 병원용 침대 및 스트레처 시장은 만성 질환의 유병률 상승, 고령화 인구 증가, 세계 수술 건수 증가 등 여러 요인에 의해 견인되고 있습니다. 강화, 치료 성적 향상, 많은 환자 이러한 요구에 대응하기 위해 노력하고 있기 때문에 특수한 병원용 침대나 스트레처를 포함한 고도의 병원 인프라에 대한 수요가 급증하고 있습니다. 환자의 체감과 임상 워크플로우를 개선하는 보다 효율적인 헬스케어 솔루션 수요에 공헌하고 있습니다. 또한 집중 치료실(ICU)과 응급실에서 심각한 치료를 필요로 하는 환자 증가가 특수 침대나 스트레처에 대한 수요를 촉진하고 있습니다., 큰 시장 성장 기회를 가져옵니다.
급성기 병원용 침대 및 스트레처 시장은 기술 진보, 건강 관리 투자 증가, 진화하는 환자 관리 모델에 의해 큰 성장 기회를 제공합니다 무선 병원용 침대, 환자를 실시간으로 모니터링할 수 있습니다. 커넥티드 스트레처, 에너지 효율적인 솔루션 등의 혁신이 시장을 재구성하고 있습니다. 또한, 환자의 안전성, 감염 관리, 병원의 위생 기준에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있기 때문에 항균 가공을 실시한 표면이나 청소하기 쉬운 디자인의 침대 및 스트레칭 회사를 개발할 수 있는 기회를 제공합니다.
이 보고서는 세계 급성기 병원용 침대 및 스트레처 시장에 대해 조사했으며, 제품 유형별, 최종 사용자별, 지역별 동향, 시장 진출기업 프로파일 등의 정보를 제공합니다.
목차
제1장 주요 요약
제2장 시장 소개
제3장 시장의 시점
제4장 시장 배경
제5장 시장 역학과 동향
제6장 세계경제 전망
제7장 북미의 급성기 병원용 침대 및 스트레처 시장 분석(2019-2024년) 및 예측(2025-2032년)
제8장 라틴아메리카의 급성기 병원용 침대 및 스트레처 시장 분석(2019-2024년) 및 예측(2025-2032년)
제9장 유럽의 급성기 병원용 침대 및 스트레처 시장 분석(2019-2024년) 및 예측(2025-2032년)
제10장 아시아태평양의 급성기 병원용 침대 및 스트레처 시장 분석(2019-2024년) 및 예측(2025-2032년)
제11장 중동 및 아프리카의 급성기 병원용 침대 및 스트레처 시장 분석(2019-2024년) 및 예측(2025-2032년)
제12장 예측 요인: 관련성과 영향
제13장 예측의 전제조건
제14장 경쟁 구도
- 시장 분류별 경쟁 격화의 매핑
- 시장 점유율 분석(2024년)
- 경쟁 대시보드
- 기업 프로파일(상세 - 개요, 재무, 전략, 최근 동향)
- Invacare Corporation
- Hill-Rom Holdings Inc.
- Stryker Corporation
- LINET
- Getinge AB(ArjoHuntleigh)
- PARAMOUNT BED CO., LTD.
- Midmark Corp
- Howard Wright Limited
제15장 세계의 급성기 병원용 침대 및 스트레처 시장 분석(2019-2024년) 및 예측(2025-2032년), 지역별
제16장 급성기 병원용 침대 및 스트레처 세계 시장 분석(2019-2024년) 및 예측(2025-2032년), 제품 유형별
제17장 세계의 급성기 병원용 침대 및 스트레처 시장 분석(2019-2024년) 및 예측(2025-2032년), 최종 사용자별
제18장 세계의 급성기 병원용 침대 및 스트레처 시장 분석(2019-2024년) 및 예측(2025-2032년)
제19장 사용된 전제조건과 약어
제20장 조사 방법
JHS
Persistence Market Research has recently released a comprehensive report on the worldwide market for acute care hospital beds and stretchers. The report offers a thorough assessment of crucial market dynamics, including drivers, trends, opportunities, and challenges, providing detailed insights into the market structure. This research publication presents exclusive data and statistics outlining the anticipated growth trajectory of the global acute care hospital beds and stretchers market from 2025 to 2032.
Key Insights:
- Acute Care Hospital Beds and Stretchers Market Size (2025E): USD 8039.1 Mn
- Projected Market Value (2032F): USD 9067.7 Mn
- Global Market Growth Rate (CAGR 2025 to 2032): 1.7%
Acute Care Hospital Beds and Stretchers Market - Report Scope:
Acute care hospital beds and stretchers play a pivotal role in providing patient comfort and support during critical medical treatments. These beds and stretchers are designed to accommodate patients with a variety of acute medical conditions, ranging from injuries to severe illnesses requiring intensive care. The market includes a range of products, such as manual and electric hospital beds, intensive care unit (ICU) beds, stretchers, and other hospital furniture. Hospitals, clinics, and emergency care units are the primary end-users of these products, which are integral to ensuring patient mobility, safety, and comfort during hospitalization.
Market Growth Drivers:
The global acute care hospital beds and stretchers market is driven by several factors, including the rising prevalence of chronic diseases, the growing aging population, and the increasing number of surgeries worldwide. The demand for advanced hospital infrastructure, including specialized hospital beds and stretchers, has surged as hospitals strive to enhance patient care, improve treatment outcomes, and accommodate diverse patient needs. Furthermore, advancements in medical technology, such as automated beds and smart stretchers, contribute to the demand for more efficient healthcare solutions that improve patient experience and clinical workflows. Technological innovations in bed features, such as adjustable height, pressure-relieving systems, and integrated monitoring devices, are expected to propel the market forward. Additionally, the increasing number of patients requiring critical care in intensive care units (ICUs) and emergency departments fuels the demand for specialized beds and stretchers. The expansion of healthcare facilities in emerging economies also offers significant market growth opportunities.
Market Restraints:
Despite promising growth prospects, the acute care hospital beds and stretchers market faces challenges related to high costs, regulatory complexities, and supply chain constraints. The high cost of advanced beds and stretchers, especially those equipped with smart technologies and custom features, can limit accessibility in low-income regions and among smaller healthcare providers. Additionally, the regulatory requirements governing the manufacturing and safety standards of hospital beds and stretchers can lead to delays in market entry and increased operational costs for manufacturers. Supply chain disruptions and the reliance on key components from specific regions further impact market stability.
Market Opportunities:
The acute care hospital beds and stretchers market presents significant growth opportunities driven by technological advancements, increased healthcare investments, and evolving patient care models. Innovations such as wireless hospital beds, connected stretchers with real-time patient monitoring, and energy-efficient solutions are reshaping the market. The expansion of home healthcare services and long-term care facilities also presents new avenues for market growth, as healthcare providers seek to deliver hospital-like care in non-traditional settings. Furthermore, the rising focus on patient safety, infection control, and hospital hygiene standards provides opportunities for manufacturers to develop beds and stretchers with antimicrobial surfaces and easy-to-clean designs. Strategic partnerships between healthcare providers, manufacturers, and technology companies can help promote the adoption of innovative solutions and enhance market penetration.
Key Questions Answered in the Report:
- What are the primary factors driving the growth of the acute care hospital beds and stretchers market globally?
- Which bed and stretcher types are in high demand across various healthcare settings?
- How are technological advancements influencing the competitive landscape of the acute care hospital beds and stretchers market?
- Who are the key players contributing to the acute care hospital beds and stretchers market, and what strategies are they employing to maintain market leadership?
- What are the emerging trends and future prospects in the global acute care hospital beds and stretchers market?
Competitive Intelligence and Business Strategy:
Leading players in the global acute care hospital beds and stretchers market, including Hill-Rom Holdings, Inc., Stryker Corporation, and Invacare Corporation, focus on product innovation, strategic collaborations, and market expansion to maintain their competitive edge. These companies invest heavily in research and development to introduce advanced hospital bed systems, such as smart beds with integrated monitoring features and ergonomic stretchers designed for enhanced patient handling. Strategic partnerships with healthcare facilities, investments in manufacturing capabilities, and a strong emphasis on sustainable product development are critical for staying ahead in the competitive landscape. Moreover, companies are focusing on expanding their presence in emerging markets, where the demand for healthcare infrastructure is growing rapidly.
Key Companies Profiled:
- Hill-Rom Holdings, Inc.
- Stryker Corporation
- Invacare Corporation
- Arjo
- Medline Industries, Inc.
- Gendron Inc.
- MERIVAARA Corporation
- Linet Group
- Sizewise
- Drive DeVilbiss Healthcare
Acute Care Hospital Beds and Stretchers Market Research Segmentation:
By Product Type:
- Manual Hospital Beds
- Electric Hospital Beds
- ICU Beds
- Stretchers
- Specialty Beds (e.g., Bariatric Beds, Pressure Relief Beds)
By Application:
- Intensive Care
- Emergency Care
- Post-Surgical Care
- Long-term Care
By End-User:
- Hospitals
- Clinics
- Emergency Medical Services
- Home Healthcare Settings
By Region:
- North America
- Europe
- Asia Pacific
- Latin America
- Middle East & Africa
Table of Contents
1. Executive Summary
- 1.1. Market Overview
- 1.2. Market Analysis
- 1.3. PMR Analysis and Recommendations
- 1.4. Wheel of Fortune
2. Market Introduction
- 2.1. Market Definition
- 2.2. Market Taxonomy
- 2.3. Acute Care Hospital Beds and Stretchers Market Overview
- 2.4. Company and Chief Analyst Credentials
3. Market View Point
- 3.1. Macro-Economic Factors
- 3.2. Opportunity Analysis
- 3.3. Key Regulations
4. Market Background
- 4.1. Major Product Launches
- 4.2. APAC Acute Care Hospital Beds & Stretchers: PESTLE Analysis
- 4.3. SWOT Analysis of Hospital Industry
5. Market Dynamics & Trends
- 5.1. Drivers
- 5.1.1. Supply Side Drivers
- 5.1.2. Demand Side Drivers
- 5.2. Restraints
- 5.3. Opportunities
- 5.4. Trends
6. Global Economic Outlook
- 6.1. Global Healthcare Market Outlook
- 6.1.1. North America
- 6.1.2. Europe
- 6.1.3. Asia Pacific Excluding Japan (APEJ)
- 6.1.4. Japan
- 6.1.5. Middle East & Africa (MEA)
- 6.1.6. Latin America
7. North America Acute Care Hospital Beds and Stretchers Market Analysis 2019 - 2024 and Forecast 2025 - 2032
- 7.1. Market Snapshot
- 7.2. Introduction
- 7.3. Key Regulations
- 7.4. Pricing Analysis by Product Type
- 7.4.1. Beds
- 7.4.2. Stretchers
- 7.5. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) & Volume Analysis By Country, 2019 - 2024
- 7.5.1. U.S.
- 7.5.2. Canada
- 7.6. Market Size (US$ Mn) & Volume Forecast By Country, 2025 - 2032
- 7.7. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) & Volume Analysis By Product Type, 2019 - 2024
- 7.7.1. Beds
- 7.7.1.1. Surgical Beds
- 7.7.1.2. Maternity Beds
- 7.7.1.3. Critical Care Beds
- 7.7.1.4. Bariatric Beds
- 7.7.2. Stretchers
- 7.7.2.1. Emergency and transport stretchers
- 7.7.2.2. Procedural stretchers
- 7.7.2.3. Specialty stretchers
- 7.8. Market Size (US$ Mn) & Volume Forecast By Product Type, 2025 - 2032
- 7.9. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis By End User, 2019 - 2024
- 7.9.1. Hospitals
- 7.9.2. Ambulatory Surgical Centers
- 7.9.3. Specialty Clinics
- 7.10. Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast By End User, 2025 - 2032
- 7.11. Market Attractiveness Analysis
- 7.11.1. By Country
- 7.11.2. By Product Type
- 7.11.3. By End User
- 7.12. Key Takeaway
8. Latin America Acute Care Hospital Beds and Stretchers Market Analysis 2019 - 2024 and Forecast 2025 - 2032
- 8.1. Market Snapshot
- 8.2. Introduction
- 8.3. Key Regulations
- 8.4. Pricing Analysis by Product Type
- 8.4.1. Beds
- 8.4.2. Stretchers
- 8.5. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) & Volume Analysis By Country, 2019 - 2024
- 8.5.1. Brazil
- 8.5.2. Mexico
- 8.5.3. Rest of Latin America
- 8.6. Market Size (US$ Mn) & Volume Forecast By Country, 2025 - 2032
- 8.7. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) & Volume Analysis By Product Type, 2019 - 2024
- 8.7.1. Beds
- 8.7.1.1. Surgical Beds
- 8.7.1.2. Maternity Beds
- 8.7.1.3. Critical Care Beds
- 8.7.1.4. Bariatric Beds
- 8.7.2. Stretchers
- 8.7.2.1. Emergency and transport stretchers
- 8.7.2.2. Procedural stretchers
- 8.7.2.3. Specialty stretchers
- 8.8. Market Size (US$ Mn) & Volume Forecast By Product Type, 2025 - 2032
- 8.9. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis By End User, 2019 - 2024
- 8.9.1. Hospitals
- 8.9.2. Ambulatory Surgical Centers
- 8.9.3. Specialty Clinics
- 8.10. Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast By End User, 2025 - 2032
- 8.11. Market Attractiveness Analysis
- 8.11.1. By Country
- 8.11.2. By Product Type
- 8.11.3. By End User
- 8.12. Key Takeaway
9. Europe Acute Care Hospital Beds and Stretchers Market Analysis 2019 - 2024 and Forecast 2025 - 2032
- 9.1. Market Snapshot
- 9.2. Introduction
- 9.3. Key Regulations
- 9.4. Pricing Analysis by Product Type
- 9.4.1. Beds
- 9.4.2. Stretchers
- 9.5. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) & Volume Analysis By Country, 2019 - 2024
- 9.5.1. Germany
- 9.5.2. U.K.
- 9.5.3. France
- 9.5.4. Spain
- 9.5.5. Italy
- 9.5.6. Russia
- 9.5.7. Rest of Europe
- 9.6. Market Size (US$ Mn) & Volume Forecast By Country, 2025 - 2032
- 9.7. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) & Volume Analysis By Product Type, 2019 - 2024
- 9.7.1. Beds
- 9.7.1.1. Surgical Beds
- 9.7.1.2. Maternity Beds
- 9.7.1.3. Critical Care Beds
- 9.7.1.4. Bariatric Beds
- 9.7.2. Stretchers
- 9.7.2.1. Emergency and transport stretchers
- 9.7.2.2. Procedural stretchers
- 9.7.2.3. Specialty stretchers
- 9.8. Market Size (US$ Mn) & Volume Forecast By Product Type, 2025 - 2032
- 9.9. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis By End User, 2019 - 2024
- 9.9.1. Hospitals
- 9.9.2. Ambulatory Surgical Centers
- 9.9.3. Specialty Clinics
- 9.10. Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast By End User, 2025 - 2032
- 9.11. Market Attractiveness Analysis
- 9.11.1. By Country
- 9.11.2. By Product Type
- 9.11.3. By End User
- 9.12. Key Takeaway
10. Asia Pacific Acute Care Hospital Beds and Stretchers Market Analysis 2019 - 2024 and Forecast 2025 - 2032
- 10.1. Market Snapshot
- 10.2. Introduction
- 10.3. Key Regulations
- 10.4. Pricing Analysis by Product Type
- 10.4.1. Beds
- 10.4.2. Stretchers
- 10.5. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) & Volume Analysis By Country, 2019 - 2024
- 10.5.1. Japan
- 10.5.2. India
- 10.5.3. China
- 10.5.4. Australia & New Zealand
- 10.5.5. ASEAN Country
- 10.5.6. Rest of APAC
- 10.6. Market Size (US$ Mn) & Volume Forecast By Country, 2025 - 2032
- 10.7. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) & Volume Analysis By Product Type, 2019 - 2024
- 10.7.1. Beds
- 10.7.1.1. Surgical Beds
- 10.7.1.2. Maternity Beds
- 10.7.1.3. Critical Care Beds
- 10.7.1.4. Bariatric Beds
- 10.7.2. Stretchers
- 10.7.2.1. Emergency and transport stretchers
- 10.7.2.2. Procedural stretchers
- 10.7.2.3. Specialty stretchers
- 10.8. Market Size (US$ Mn) & Volume Forecast By Product Type, 2025 - 2032
- 10.9. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis By End User, 2019 - 2024
- 10.9.1. Hospitals
- 10.9.2. Ambulatory Surgical Centers
- 10.9.3. Specialty Clinics
- 10.10. Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast By End User, 2025 - 2032
- 10.11. Market Attractiveness Analysis
- 10.11.1. By Country
- 10.11.2. By Product Type
- 10.11.3. By End User
- 10.12. Key Takeaway
11. Middle East and Africa Acute Care Hospital Beds and Stretchers Market Analysis 2019 - 2024 and Forecast 2025 - 2032
- 11.1. Market Snapshot
- 11.2. Introduction
- 11.3. Key Regulations
- 11.4. Pricing Analysis by Product Type
- 11.4.1. Beds
- 11.4.2. Stretchers
- 11.5. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) & Volume Analysis By Country, 2019 - 2024
- 11.5.1. GCC Countries
- 11.5.2. South Africa
- 11.5.3. Rest of MEA
- 11.6. Market Size (US$ Mn) & Volume Forecast By Country, 2025 - 2032
- 11.7. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) & Volume Analysis By Product Type, 2019 - 2024
- 11.7.1. Beds
- 11.7.1.1. Surgical Beds
- 11.7.1.2. Maternity Beds
- 11.7.1.3. Critical Care Beds
- 11.7.1.4. Bariatric Beds
- 11.7.2. Stretchers
- 11.7.2.1. Emergency and transport stretchers
- 11.7.2.2. Procedural stretchers
- 11.7.2.3. Specialty stretchers
- 11.8. Market Size (US$ Mn) & Volume Forecast By Product Type, 2025 - 2032
- 11.9. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis By End User, 2019 - 2024
- 11.9.1. Hospitals
- 11.9.2. Ambulatory Surgical Centers
- 11.9.3. Specialty Clinics
- 11.10. Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast By End User, 2025 - 2032
- 11.11. Market Attractiveness Analysis
- 11.11.1. By Country
- 11.11.2. By Product Type
- 11.11.3. By End User
- 11.12. Key Takeaway
12. Forecast Factors: Relevance and Impact
13. Forecast Assumptions
14. Competition Landscape
- 14.1. Competition Intensity Mapping By Market Taxonomy
- 14.2. Market Share Analysis (2024)
- 14.3. Competition Dashboard
- 14.4. Company Profiles (Details - Overview, Financials, Strategy, Recent Developments)
- 14.4.1. Invacare Corporation
- 14.4.1.1. Overview
- 14.4.1.2. Key Financials
- 14.4.1.3. Product Portfolio
- 14.4.1.4. Recent Developments
- 14.4.1.5. Strategy
- 14.4.1.6. SWOT Analysis
- 14.4.2. Hill-Rom Holdings Inc.
- 14.4.2.1. Overview
- 14.4.2.2. Key Financials
- 14.4.2.3. Product Portfolio
- 14.4.2.4. Recent Developments
- 14.4.2.5. Strategy
- 14.4.2.6. SWOT Analysis
- 14.4.3. Stryker Corporation
- 14.4.3.1. Overview
- 14.4.3.2. Key Financials
- 14.4.3.3. Product Portfolio
- 14.4.3.4. Recent Developments
- 14.4.3.5. Strategy
- 14.4.3.6. SWOT Analysis
- 14.4.4. LINET
- 14.4.4.1. Overview
- 14.4.4.2. Key Financials
- 14.4.4.3. Product Portfolio
- 14.4.4.4. Recent Developments
- 14.4.4.5. Strategy
- 14.4.4.6. SWOT Analysis
- 14.4.5. Getinge AB (ArjoHuntleigh)
- 14.4.5.1. Overview
- 14.4.5.2. Key Financials
- 14.4.5.3. Product Portfolio
- 14.4.5.4. Recent Developments
- 14.4.5.5. Strategy
- 14.4.5.6. SWOT Analysis
- 14.4.6. PARAMOUNT BED CO., LTD.
- 14.4.6.1. Overview
- 14.4.6.2. Key Financials
- 14.4.6.3. Product Portfolio
- 14.4.6.4. Recent Developments
- 14.4.6.5. Strategy
- 14.4.6.6. SWOT Analysis
- 14.4.7. Midmark Corp
- 14.4.7.1. Overview
- 14.4.7.2. Key Financials
- 14.4.7.3. Product Portfolio
- 14.4.7.4. Recent Developments
- 14.4.7.5. Strategy
- 14.4.7.6. SWOT Analysis
- 14.4.8. Howard Wright Limited
- 14.4.8.1. Overview
- 14.4.8.2. Key Financials
- 14.4.8.3. Product Portfolio
- 14.4.8.4. Recent Developments
- 14.4.8.5. Strategy
- 14.4.8.6. SWOT Analysis
15. Global Acute Care Hospital Beds and Stretchers Market Analysis 2019 - 2024 and Forecast 2025 - 2032, By Region
- 15.1. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) By Region
- 15.1.1. North America
- 15.1.2. Latin America
- 15.1.3. Europe
- 15.1.4. Asia Pacific
- 15.1.5. Middle East & Africa
- 15.2. Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast By Region
- 15.2.1. North America
- 15.2.2. Latin America
- 15.2.3. Europe
- 15.2.4. Asia Pacific
- 15.2.5. Middle East & Africa
- 15.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis By Region
16. Global Acute Care Hospital Beds and Stretchers Market Analysis 2019 - 2024 and Forecast 2025 - 2032, By Product Type
- 16.1. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) & Volume Analysis By Product Type, 2019 - 2024
- 16.1.1. Beds
- 16.1.1.1. Surgical Beds
- 16.1.1.2. Maternity Beds
- 16.1.1.3. Critical Care Beds
- 16.1.1.4. Bariatric Beds
- 16.1.2. Stretchers
- 16.1.2.1. Emergency and transport stretchers
- 16.1.2.2. Procedural stretchers
- 16.1.2.3. Specialty stretchers
- 16.2. Market Size (US$ Mn) & Volume Forecast By Product Type, 2025 - 2032
- 16.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis By Product Type
17. Global Acute Care Hospital Beds and Stretchers Market Analysis 2019 - 2024 and Forecast 2025 - 2032, By End Users
- 17.1. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis By End User, 2019 - 2024
- 17.1.1. Hospitals
- 17.1.2. Ambulatory Surgical Centers
- 17.1.3. Specialty Clinics
- 17.2. Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast By End User, 2025 - 2032
- 17.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis By End Users
18. Global Acute Care Hospital Beds and Stretchers Market Analysis 2019 - 2024 and Forecast 2025 - 2032
- 18.1. Market Size and Y-o-Y Growth
- 18.2. Absolute $ Opportunity
19. Assumptions and Acronyms used
20. Research Methodology
