한글목차

페스토 소스 시장(2025-2029년)

페스토 소스 시장은 2024-2029년 11억 1,740만 달러로 예측되며, 예측 기간 동안 4.9%의 CAGR로 성장할 것으로 예상됩니다. 세계의 페스토 소스 시장에 대해 조사 분석했으며, 시장 규모와 예측, 동향, 성장 촉진요인, 과제, 약 25개 벤더에 대한 벤더 분석 등의 정보를 전해드립니다.

현재 시장 시나리오, 최신 동향 및 촉진요인, 전체 시장 환경에 대한 최신 분석을 제공합니다. 이 시장은 신제품 출시, 요리 편의성에 대한 요구, 이탈리아 요리의 인기 증가에 의해 주도되고 있습니다.

이 보고서는 향후 몇 년 동안 페스토 소스 시장 성장을 주도하는 주요 요인 중 하나로 소매 공간의 확장을 꼽았습니다. 또한, 개인 브랜드 브랜드의 출현과 전 세계 비건 인구의 증가는 시장의 큰 수요로 이어질 것입니다.

목차

제1장 주요 요약

• 시장 개요

제2장 Technavio에 의한 분석

• 가격·수명주기·고객 구입 바스켓·채용률·구입 기준 분석
• 인풋의 중요성과 차별화 요인
• 혼란 요인
• 성장 촉진요인과 과제의 영향

제3장 시장 상황

• 시장 생태계
• 시장의 특징
• 밸류체인 분석

제4장 시장 규모

• 시장 정의
• 시장 부문 분석
• 시장 규모(2024년)
• 시장 전망(2024-2029년)

제5장 시장 규모 실적

• 페스토 소스 세계 시장(2019-2023년)
• 최종사용자별 부문 분석(2019-2023년)
• 패키징별 부문 분석(2019-2023년)
• 지역별 부문 분석(2019-2023년)
• 국가별 부문 분석(2019-2023년)

제6장 정성 분석

• AI의 영향 : 페스토 소스 세계 시장

제7장 Five Forces 분석

• Five Forces 요약
• 구매자의 교섭력
• 공급 기업의 교섭력
• 신규 참여업체의 위협
• 대체품의 위협
• 경쟁의 위협
• 시장 상황

제8장 시장 세분화 : 최종사용자별

• 시장 부문
• 비교 : 최종사용자별
• 소매 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
• 푸드서비스 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
• 시장 기회 : 최종사용자별

제9장 시장 세분화 : 포장별

• 시장 부문
• 비교 : 포장별
• 유리병 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
• PET : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
• 캔 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
• 파우치 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
• 카톤 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
• 시장 기회 : 포장별

제10장 고객 상황

• 고객 상황 개요

제11장 지역별 상황

• 지역별 세분화
• 지역별 비교
• 유럽 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
• 북미 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
• 남미 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
• 아시아태평양 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
• 중동 및 아프리카 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
• 미국 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
• 이탈리아 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
• 영국 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
• 독일 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
• 프랑스 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
• 캐나다 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
• 중국 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
• 브라질 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
• 아르헨티나 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
• 일본 : 시장 규모와 예측(2024-2029년)
• 시장 기회 : 지역 상황별

제12장 촉진요인, 과제, 기회, 억제요인

• 시장 성장 촉진요인
• 시장 과제
• 성장 촉진요인과 과제의 영향
• 시장 기회·억제요인

제13장 경쟁 구도

• 개요
• 경쟁 구도
• 혼란 상황
• 업계 리스크

제14장 경쟁 분석

• 기업 개요
• 기업 순위 지수
• 기업의 시장 포지셔닝
• Barilla G. e R. Fratelli Spa
• Buitoni Food Co.
• F.lli De Cecco di Filippo SpA
• F.lli Sacla Spa
• Fattorie Umbre S. r. L.
• Filippo Berio USA LTD.
• Food Service India Pvt. Ltd.
• Frontier Co op.
• Mezzetta
• Nestle SA
• Rana USA Inc.
• Saucery Foods Pvt. Ltd.
• Sorrentina Honestly Italian Pvt. Ltd.
• Telluric Foods Ltd.
• Unilever PLC

제15장 부록

영문목차

Pesto Sauces Market 2025-2029

The pesto sauces market is forecasted to grow by $ 1117.4 mn during 2024-2029, accelerating at a CAGR of 4.9% during the forecast period. The report on the pesto sauces market provides a holistic analysis, market size and forecast, trends, growth drivers, and challenges, as well as vendor analysis covering around 25 vendors.

The report offers an up-to-date analysis regarding the current market scenario, the latest trends and drivers, and the overall market environment. The market is driven by new product launch, need for convenience in cooking, and increasing popularity of italian cuisine.

Technavio's pesto sauces market is segmented as below:

By End-user

• Retail
• Food service

By Packaging

• Glass bottles
• PET
• Cans
• Pouches
• Cartons

By Geographical Landscape

• Europe
• North America
• South America
• APAC
• Middle East and Africa

This study identifies the expanding retail space as one of the prime reasons driving the pesto sauces market growth during the next few years. Also, emergence of private-label brands and rising global vegan population will lead to sizable demand in the market.

The report on the pesto sauces market covers the following areas:

• Pesto Sauces Market sizing
• Pesto Sauces Market forecast
• Pesto Sauces Market industry analysis

The robust vendor analysis is designed to help clients improve their market position, and in line with this, this report provides a detailed analysis of several leading pesto sauces market vendors that include Barilla G. e R. Fratelli Spa, Belazu Ingredient Co., Buitoni Food Co., F.lli De Cecco di Filippo SpA, F.lli Sacla Spa, Fattorie Umbre S. r. L., Filippo Berio USA LTD., Food Service India Pvt. Ltd., Frontier Co op., Mezzetta, Napolina, Nestle SA, Rana USA Inc., Raos Specialty Foods Inc., Roland Foods LLC, Saucery Foods Pvt. Ltd., Sorrentina Honestly Italian Pvt. Ltd., Telluric Foods Ltd., Ugo Foods Group Ltd., and Unilever PLC. Also, the pesto sauces market analysis report includes information on upcoming trends and challenges that will influence market growth. This is to help companies strategize and leverage all forthcoming growth opportunities.

The study was conducted using an objective combination of primary and secondary information including inputs from key participants in the industry. The report contains a comprehensive market and vendor landscape in addition to an analysis of the key vendors.

The publisher presents a detailed picture of the market by the way of study, synthesis, and summation of data from multiple sources by an analysis of key parameters such as profit, pricing, competition, and promotions. It presents various market facets by identifying the key industry influencers. The data presented is comprehensive, reliable, and a result of extensive primary and secondary research. The market research reports provide a complete competitive landscape and an in-depth vendor selection methodology and analysis using qualitative and quantitative research to forecast accurate market growth.

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

• 1.1 Market overview
  • Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
  • Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
  • Executive Summary - Chart on Global Market Characteristics
  • Executive Summary - Chart on Market By Geographical Landscape
  • Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by End-user
  • Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Packaging
  • Executive Summary - Chart on Incremental Growth
  • Executive Summary - Data Table on Incremental Growth
  • Executive Summary - Chart on Company Market Positioning

2 Technavio Analysis

• 2.1 Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
  • Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
• 2.2 Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
  • Overview on criticality of inputs and factors of differentiation
• 2.3 Factors of disruption
  • Overview on factors of disruption
• 2.4 Impact of drivers and challenges
  • Impact of drivers and challenges in 2024 and 2029

3 Market Landscape

• 3.1 Market ecosystem
  • Parent Market
  • Data Table on - Parent Market
• 3.2 Market characteristics
  • Market characteristics analysis
• 3.3 Value chain analysis
  • Value chain analysis

4 Market Sizing

• 4.1 Market definition
  • Offerings of companies included in the market definition
• 4.2 Market segment analysis
  • Market segments
• 4.3 Market size 2024
• 4.4 Market outlook: Forecast for 2024-2029
  • Chart on Global - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Data Table on Global - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Chart on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • Data Table on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)

5 Historic Market Size

• 5.1 Global Pesto Sauces Market 2019 - 2023
  • Historic Market Size - Data Table on Global Pesto Sauces Market 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
• 5.2 End-user segment analysis 2019 - 2023
  • Historic Market Size - End-user Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
• 5.3 Packaging segment analysis 2019 - 2023
  • Historic Market Size - Packaging Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
• 5.4 Geography segment analysis 2019 - 2023
  • Historic Market Size - Geography Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
• 5.5 Country segment analysis 2019 - 2023
  • Historic Market Size - Country Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)

6 Qualitative Analysis

• 6.1 Impact of AI on Global Pesto Sauces Market

7 Five Forces Analysis

• 7.1 Five forces summary
  • Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2024 and 2029
• 7.2 Bargaining power of buyers
  • Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2024 and 2029
• 7.3 Bargaining power of suppliers
  • Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
• 7.4 Threat of new entrants
  • Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
• 7.5 Threat of substitutes
  • Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
• 7.6 Threat of rivalry
  • Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
• 7.7 Market condition
  • Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2024 and 2029

8 Market Segmentation by End-user

• 8.1 Market segments
  • Chart on End-user - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
  • Data Table on End-user - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
• 8.2 Comparison by End-user
  • Chart on Comparison by End-user
  • Data Table on Comparison by End-user
• 8.3 Retail - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
  • Chart on Retail - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Data Table on Retail - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Chart on Retail - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • Data Table on Retail - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
• 8.4 Food service - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
  • Chart on Food service - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Data Table on Food service - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Chart on Food service - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • Data Table on Food service - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
• 8.5 Market opportunity by End-user
  • Market opportunity by End-user ($ million)
  • Data Table on Market opportunity by End-user ($ million)

9 Market Segmentation by Packaging

• 9.1 Market segments
  • Chart on Packaging - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
  • Data Table on Packaging - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
• 9.2 Comparison by Packaging
  • Chart on Comparison by Packaging
  • Data Table on Comparison by Packaging
• 9.3 Glass bottles - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
  • Chart on Glass bottles - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Data Table on Glass bottles - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Chart on Glass bottles - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • Data Table on Glass bottles - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
• 9.4 PET - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
  • Chart on PET - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Data Table on PET - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Chart on PET - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • Data Table on PET - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
• 9.5 Cans - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
  • Chart on Cans - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Data Table on Cans - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Chart on Cans - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • Data Table on Cans - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
• 9.6 Pouches - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
  • Chart on Pouches - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Data Table on Pouches - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Chart on Pouches - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • Data Table on Pouches - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
• 9.7 Cartons - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
  • Chart on Cartons - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Data Table on Cartons - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Chart on Cartons - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • Data Table on Cartons - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
• 9.8 Market opportunity by Packaging
  • Market opportunity by Packaging ($ million)
  • Data Table on Market opportunity by Packaging ($ million)

10 Customer Landscape

• 10.1 Customer landscape overview
  • Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria

11 Geographic Landscape

• 11.1 Geographic segmentation
  • Chart on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2024-2029 (%)
  • Data Table on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2024-2029 (%)
• 11.2 Geographic comparison
  • Chart on Geographic comparison
  • Data Table on Geographic comparison
• 11.3 Europe - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
  • Chart on Europe - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Data Table on Europe - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Chart on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • Data Table on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
• 11.4 North America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
  • Chart on North America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Data Table on North America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Chart on North America - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • Data Table on North America - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
• 11.5 South America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
  • Chart on South America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Data Table on South America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Chart on South America - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • Data Table on South America - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
• 11.6 APAC - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
  • Chart on APAC - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Data Table on APAC - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Chart on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • Data Table on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
• 11.7 Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
  • Chart on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Chart on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
• 11.8 US - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
  • Chart on US - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Data Table on US - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Chart on US - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • Data Table on US - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
• 11.9 Italy - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
  • Chart on Italy - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Data Table on Italy - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Chart on Italy - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • Data Table on Italy - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
• 11.10 UK - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
  • Chart on UK - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Data Table on UK - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Chart on UK - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • Data Table on UK - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
• 11.11 Germany - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
  • Chart on Germany - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Data Table on Germany - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Chart on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • Data Table on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
• 11.12 France - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
  • Chart on France - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Data Table on France - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Chart on France - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • Data Table on France - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
• 11.13 Canada - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
  • Chart on Canada - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Data Table on Canada - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Chart on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • Data Table on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
• 11.14 China - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
  • Chart on China - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Data Table on China - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Chart on China - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • Data Table on China - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
• 11.15 Brazil - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
  • Chart on Brazil - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Data Table on Brazil - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Chart on Brazil - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • Data Table on Brazil - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
• 11.16 Argentina - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
  • Chart on Argentina - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Data Table on Argentina - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Chart on Argentina - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • Data Table on Argentina - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
• 11.17 Japan - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
  • Chart on Japan - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Data Table on Japan - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
  • Chart on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • Data Table on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
• 11.18 Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape
  • Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ million)
  • Data Tables on Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ million)

12 Drivers, Challenges, and Opportunity/Restraints

• 12.1 Market drivers
• 12.2 Market challenges
• 12.3 Impact of drivers and challenges
  • Impact of drivers and challenges in 2024 and 2029
• 12.4 Market opportunities/restraints

13 Competitive Landscape

• 13.1 Overview
• 13.2 Competitive Landscape
  • Overview on criticality of inputs and factors of differentiation
• 13.3 Landscape disruption
  • Overview on factors of disruption
• 13.4 Industry risks
  • Impact of key risks on business

14 Competitive Analysis

• 14.1 Companies profiled
  • Companies covered
• 14.2 Company ranking index
  • Company ranking index
• 14.3 Market positioning of companies
  • Matrix on companies position and classification
• 14.4 Barilla G. e R. Fratelli Spa
  • Barilla G. e R. Fratelli Spa - Overview
  • Barilla G. e R. Fratelli Spa - Product / Service
  • Barilla G. e R. Fratelli Spa - Key offerings
  • SWOT
• 14.5 Buitoni Food Co.
  • Buitoni Food Co. - Overview
  • Buitoni Food Co. - Product / Service
  • Buitoni Food Co. - Key offerings
  • SWOT
• 14.6 F.lli De Cecco di Filippo SpA
  • F.lli De Cecco di Filippo SpA - Overview
  • F.lli De Cecco di Filippo SpA - Product / Service
  • F.lli De Cecco di Filippo SpA - Key offerings
  • SWOT
• 14.7 F.lli Sacla Spa
  • F.lli Sacla Spa - Overview
  • F.lli Sacla Spa - Product / Service
  • F.lli Sacla Spa - Key offerings
  • SWOT
• 14.8 Fattorie Umbre S. r. L.
  • Fattorie Umbre S. r. L. - Overview
  • Fattorie Umbre S. r. L. - Product / Service
  • Fattorie Umbre S. r. L. - Key offerings
  • SWOT
• 14.9 Filippo Berio USA LTD.
  • Filippo Berio USA LTD. - Overview
  • Filippo Berio USA LTD. - Product / Service
  • Filippo Berio USA LTD. - Key offerings
  • SWOT
• 14.10 Food Service India Pvt. Ltd.
  • Food Service India Pvt. Ltd. - Overview
  • Food Service India Pvt. Ltd. - Product / Service
  • Food Service India Pvt. Ltd. - Key offerings
  • SWOT
• 14.11 Frontier Co op.
  • Frontier Co op. - Overview
  • Frontier Co op. - Product / Service
  • Frontier Co op. - Key offerings
  • SWOT
• 14.12 Mezzetta
  • Mezzetta - Overview
  • Mezzetta - Product / Service
  • Mezzetta - Key offerings
  • SWOT
• 14.13 Nestle SA
  • Nestle SA - Overview
  • Nestle SA - Business segments
  • Nestle SA - Key news
  • Nestle SA - Key offerings
  • Nestle SA - Segment focus
  • SWOT
• 14.14 Rana USA Inc.
  • Rana USA Inc. - Overview
  • Rana USA Inc. - Product / Service
  • Rana USA Inc. - Key offerings
  • SWOT
• 14.15 Saucery Foods Pvt. Ltd.
  • Saucery Foods Pvt. Ltd. - Overview
  • Saucery Foods Pvt. Ltd. - Product / Service
  • Saucery Foods Pvt. Ltd. - Key offerings
  • SWOT
• 14.16 Sorrentina Honestly Italian Pvt. Ltd.
  • Sorrentina Honestly Italian Pvt. Ltd. - Overview
  • Sorrentina Honestly Italian Pvt. Ltd. - Product / Service
  • Sorrentina Honestly Italian Pvt. Ltd. - Key offerings
  • SWOT
• 14.17 Telluric Foods Ltd.
  • Telluric Foods Ltd. - Overview
  • Telluric Foods Ltd. - Product / Service
  • Telluric Foods Ltd. - Key offerings
  • SWOT
• 14.18 Unilever PLC
  • Unilever PLC - Overview
  • Unilever PLC - Business segments
  • Unilever PLC - Key offerings
  • Unilever PLC - Segment focus
  • SWOT

15 Appendix

• 15.1 Scope of the report
• 15.2 Inclusions and exclusions checklist
  • Inclusions checklist
  • Exclusions checklist
• 15.3 Currency conversion rates for US$
  • Currency conversion rates for US$
• 15.4 Research methodology
  • Research methodology
• 15.5 Data procurement
  • Information sources
• 15.6 Data validation
  • Data validation
• 15.7 Validation techniques employed for market sizing
  • Validation techniques employed for market sizing
• 15.8 Data synthesis
  • Data synthesis
• 15.9 360 degree market analysis
  • 360 degree market analysis
• 15.10 List of abbreviations
  • List of abbreviations