자동차 엔지니어링 서비스 프로바이더(ESP) 시장(2025-2029년)
자동차 엔지니어링 서비스 프로바이더(ESP) 시장은 2024-2029년에 120억 9,190만 달러, 예측 기간 중 CAGR은 9.8%로 성장할 것으로 예측됩니다. 자동차 엔지니어링 서비스 프로바이더(ESP) 시장의 전체적인 분석, 시장 규모·예측, 동향, 성장 촉진요인, 과제, 약 25개 벤더를 다룬 벤더 분석 등을 게재하고 있습니다.
현재의 시장 시나리오, 최신 동향 및 성장요인, 전체 시장 환경에 대한 최신 분석을 제공합니다. 이 시장은 자동차의 디지털화 및 전동화, 첨단 차량 커넥티비티 솔루션에 대한 수요 증가, 대체 파워트레인 기술 개발이 시장을 주도하고 있습니다.
| 시장 범위 |
| 기준연도 |
2025년 |
| 종료연도 |
2029년 |
| 예측 기간 |
2025-2029년 |
| 성장 모멘텀 |
가속 |
| 전년 대비 2025년 |
8.7% |
| CAGR |
9.8% |
| 증분액 |
120억 9,190만 달러 |
이 보고서는 향후 수년간 자동차 엔지니어링 서비스 프로바이더(ESP) 시장의 성장을 가속하는 주요 요인 중 하나로 자율주행 자동차의 개발을 꼽았습니다. 또한 적층제조와 인더스트리 4.0을 위한 완전히 통합된 엔지니어링 데이터 프로세스 체인은 자동차 산업에서 견인차 역할을 할 것이며, 이는 시장의 큰 수요로 이어질 것입니다.
목차
제1장 개요
제2장 Technavio에 의한 분석
- 가격·수명주기·고객 구입 바스켓·채택률·구입 기준 분석
- 인풋의 중요성과 차별화의 요인
- 혼란의 요인
- 촉진요인과 과제의 영향
제3장 시장 구도
제4장 시장 규모
- 시장의 정의
- 시장 부문 분석
- 시장 규모, 2024년
- 시장 전망, 2024-2029년
제5장 시장 규모 실적
- 세계의 자동차 엔지니어링 서비스 프로바이더(ESP) 시장, 2019-2023년
- 용도별 부문 분석, 2019-2023년
- 제품 유형 부문 분석, 2019-2023년
- 지역별 부문 분석, 2019-2023년
- 국가별 부문 분석, 2019-2023년
제6장 정성 분석
- AI의 영향 : 세계의 자동차 엔지니어링 서비스 프로바이더(ESP) 시장
제7장 Five Forces 분석
- Five Forces 요약
- 바이어의 교섭력
- 공급 기업의 교섭력
- 신규 진출업체의 위협
- 대체품의 위협
- 경쟁의 위협
- 시장 현황
제8장 시장 세분화 : 용도별
- 시장 부문
- 비교 : 용도별
- 사내 : 시장 규모와 예측, 2024-2029년
- 아웃소싱 : 시장 규모와 예측, 2024-2029년
- 시장 기회 : 용도별
제9장 시장 세분화 : 제품 유형별
- 시장 부문
- 비교 : 제품 유형별
- 파워트레인 : 시장 규모와 예측, 2024-2029년
- 완성차 : 시장 규모와 예측, 2024-2029년
- 전기·전자기기 : 시장 규모와 예측, 2024-2029년
- 기타 : 시장 규모와 예측, 2024-2029년
- 시장 기회 : 제품 유형별
제10장 고객 상황
제11장 지역별 상황
- 지역별 세분화
- 지역별 비교
- 유럽 : 시장 규모와 예측, 2024-2029년
- 아시아태평양 : 시장 규모와 예측, 2024-2029년
- 북미 : 시장 규모와 예측, 2024-2029년
- 남미 : 시장 규모와 예측, 2024-2029년
- 중동 및 아프리카 : 시장 규모와 예측, 2024-2029년
- 미국 : 시장 규모와 예측, 2024-2029년
- 독일 : 시장 규모와 예측, 2024-2029년
- 영국 : 시장 규모와 예측, 2024-2029년
- 중국 : 시장 규모와 예측, 2024-2029년
- 인도 : 시장 규모와 예측, 2024-2029년
- 프랑스 : 시장 규모와 예측, 2024-2029년
- 일본 : 시장 규모와 예측, 2024-2029년
- 캐나다 : 시장 규모와 예측, 2024-2029년
- 이탈리아 : 시장 규모와 예측, 2024-2029년
- 말레이시아 : 시장 규모와 예측, 2024-2029년
- 시장 기회 : 지역 상황별
제12장 촉진요인·과제·기회·억제요인
- 시장 성장 촉진요인
- 시장이 해결해야 할 과제
- 촉진요인과 과제의 영향
- 시장의 기회·억제요인
제13장 경쟁 구도
제14장 경쟁 분석
- 기업 개요
- 기업 순위 지수
- 기업의 시장 포지셔닝
- Adecco Group AG
- Altair Engineering Inc.
- AVL List GmbH
- Belcan LLC
- Bertrandt AG
- Capgemini Services SAS
- EDAG Group
- EPAM Systems Inc.
- FEV Group GmbH
- HCL Technologies Ltd.
- IAV GmbH
- L and T Technology Services Ltd.
- Magna International Inc.
- Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd.
- Ricardo Plc
제15장 부록
KSA
Automotive Engineering Service Providers (ESP) Market 2025-2029
The automotive engineering service providers (ESP) market is forecasted to grow by USD 12091.9 mn during 2024-2029, accelerating at a CAGR of 9.8% during the forecast period. The report on the automotive engineering service providers (ESP) market provides a holistic analysis, market size and forecast, trends, growth drivers, and challenges, as well as vendor analysis covering around 25 vendors.
The report offers an up-to-date analysis regarding the current market scenario, the latest trends and drivers, and the overall market environment. The market is driven by increasing digitization and electrification of automobiles, rising demand for advanced vehicle connectivity solutions, and development of alternative powertrain technology.
| Market Scope |
|---|
| Base Year | 2025 |
| End Year | 2029 |
| Series Year | 2025-2029 |
| Growth Momentum | Accelerate |
| YOY 2025 | 8.7% |
| CAGR | 9.8% |
| Incremental Value | $12091.9 mn |
Technavio's automotive engineering service providers (ESP) market is segmented as below:
By Application
By Product Type
- Powertrain
- Complete vehicle
- Electrical/electronics
- Others
By Geographical Landscape
- Europe
- APAC
- North America
- South America
- Middle East and Africa
This study identifies the development of autonomous vehicles as one of the prime reasons driving the automotive engineering service providers (ESP) market growth during the next few years. Also, fully integrated engineering data process chain for additive manufacturing and industry 4.0 gaining traction in automotive industry will lead to sizable demand in the market.
The report on the automotive engineering service providers (ESP) market covers the following areas:
- Automotive Engineering Service Providers (ESP) Market sizing
- Automotive Engineering Service Providers (ESP) Market forecast
- Automotive Engineering Service Providers (ESP) Market industry analysis
The robust vendor analysis is designed to help clients improve their market position, and in line with this, this report provides a detailed analysis of several leading automotive engineering service providers (ESP) market vendors that include Adecco Group AG, Altair Engineering Inc., ASM Technologies Ltd., AVL List GmbH, Belcan LLC, Bertrandt AG, Capgemini Services SAS, Contechs, EDAG Group, EPAM Systems Inc., FEV Group GmbH, HCL Technologies Ltd., Hitachi Ltd., IAV GmbH, KPIT Technologies Ltd., L and T Technology Services Ltd., Magna International Inc., Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd., and Ricardo Plc. Also, the automotive engineering service providers (ESP) market analysis report includes information on upcoming trends and challenges that will influence market growth. This is to help companies strategize and leverage all forthcoming growth opportunities.
The study was conducted using an objective combination of primary and secondary information including inputs from key participants in the industry. The report contains a comprehensive market and vendor landscape in addition to an analysis of the key vendors.
The publisher presents a detailed picture of the market by the way of study, synthesis, and summation of data from multiple sources by an analysis of key parameters such as profit, pricing, competition, and promotions. It presents various market facets by identifying the key industry influencers. The data presented is comprehensive, reliable, and a result of extensive primary and secondary research. The market research reports provide a complete competitive landscape and an in-depth vendor selection methodology and analysis using qualitative and quantitative research to forecast accurate market growth.
Table of Contents
1 Executive Summary
- 1.1 Market overview
- Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
- Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
- Executive Summary - Chart on Global Market Characteristics
- Executive Summary - Chart on Market By Geographical Landscape
- Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Application
- Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Product Type
- Executive Summary - Chart on Incremental Growth
- Executive Summary - Data Table on Incremental Growth
- Executive Summary - Chart on Company Market Positioning
2 Technavio Analysis
- 2.1 Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
- Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
- 2.2 Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
- Overview on criticality of inputs and factors of differentiation
- 2.3 Factors of disruption
- Overview on factors of disruption
- 2.4 Impact of drivers and challenges
- Impact of drivers and challenges in 2024 and 2029
3 Market Landscape
- 3.1 Market ecosystem
- Parent Market
- Data Table on - Parent Market
- 3.2 Market characteristics
- Market characteristics analysis
- 3.3 Value chain analysis
4 Market Sizing
- 4.1 Market definition
- Offerings of companies included in the market definition
- 4.2 Market segment analysis
- 4.3 Market size 2024
- 4.4 Market outlook: Forecast for 2024-2029
- Chart on Global - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Global - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
5 Historic Market Size
- 5.1 Global Automotive Engineering Service Providers (ESP) Market 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Data Table on Global Automotive Engineering Service Providers (ESP) Market 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
- 5.2 Application segment analysis 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Application Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
- 5.3 Product Type segment analysis 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Product Type Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
- 5.4 Geography segment analysis 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Geography Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
- 5.5 Country segment analysis 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Country Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
6 Qualitative Analysis
- 6.1 The AI impact on Global Automotive Engineering Service Providers (ESP) Market
7 Five Forces Analysis
- 7.1 Five forces summary
- Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2024 and 2029
- 7.2 Bargaining power of buyers
- Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2024 and 2029
- 7.3 Bargaining power of suppliers
- Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
- 7.4 Threat of new entrants
- Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
- 7.5 Threat of substitutes
- Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
- 7.6 Threat of rivalry
- Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
- 7.7 Market condition
- Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2024 and 2029
8 Market Segmentation by Application
- 8.1 Market segments
- Chart on Application - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Application - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
- 8.2 Comparison by Application
- Chart on Comparison by Application
- Data Table on Comparison by Application
- 8.3 In-house - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on In-house - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on In-house - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on In-house - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on In-house - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 8.4 Out-source - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Out-source - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Out-source - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Out-source - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Out-source - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 8.5 Market opportunity by Application
- Market opportunity by Application ($ million)
- Data Table on Market opportunity by Application ($ million)
9 Market Segmentation by Product Type
- 9.1 Market segments
- Chart on Product Type - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Product Type - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
- 9.2 Comparison by Product Type
- Chart on Comparison by Product Type
- Data Table on Comparison by Product Type
- 9.3 Powertrain - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Powertrain - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Powertrain - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Powertrain - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Powertrain - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 9.4 Complete vehicle - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Complete vehicle - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Complete vehicle - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Complete vehicle - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Complete vehicle - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 9.5 Electrical/electronics - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Electrical/electronics - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Electrical/electronics - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Electrical/electronics - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Electrical/electronics - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 9.6 Others - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Others - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Others - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Others - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Others - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 9.7 Market opportunity by Product Type
- Market opportunity by Product Type ($ million)
- Data Table on Market opportunity by Product Type ($ million)
10 Customer Landscape
- 10.1 Customer landscape overview
- Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
11 Geographic Landscape
- 11.1 Geographic segmentation
- Chart on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.2 Geographic comparison
- Chart on Geographic comparison
- Data Table on Geographic comparison
- 11.3 Europe - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Europe - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Europe - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.4 APAC - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on APAC - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on APAC - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.5 North America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on North America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on North America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on North America - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on North America - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.6 South America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on South America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on South America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on South America - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on South America - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.7 Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.8 US - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on US - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on US - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on US - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on US - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.9 Germany - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Germany - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Germany - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.10 UK - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on UK - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on UK - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on UK - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on UK - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.11 China - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on China - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on China - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on China - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on China - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.12 India - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on India - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on India - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on India - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on India - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.13 France - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on France - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on France - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on France - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on France - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.14 Japan - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Japan - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Japan - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.15 Canada - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Canada - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Canada - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.16 Italy - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Italy - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Italy - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Italy - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Italy - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.17 Malaysia - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Malaysia - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Malaysia - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Malaysia - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Malaysia - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.18 Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape
- Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ million)
- Data Tables on Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ million)
12 Drivers, Challenges, and Opportunity/Restraints
- 12.1 Market drivers
- 12.2 Market challenges
- 12.3 Impact of drivers and challenges
- Impact of drivers and challenges in 2024 and 2029
- 12.4 Market opportunities/restraints
13 Competitive Landscape
- 13.1 Overview
- 13.2 Competitive Landscape
- Overview on criticality of inputs and factors of differentiation
- 13.3 Landscape disruption
- Overview on factors of disruption
- 13.4 Industry risks
- Impact of key risks on business
14 Competitive Analysis
- 14.1 Companies profiled
- 14.2 Company ranking index
- 14.3 Market positioning of companies
- Matrix on companies position and classification
- 14.4 Adecco Group AG
- Adecco Group AG - Overview
- Adecco Group AG - Business segments
- Adecco Group AG - Key news
- Adecco Group AG - Key offerings
- Adecco Group AG - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.5 Altair Engineering Inc.
- Altair Engineering Inc. - Overview
- Altair Engineering Inc. - Business segments
- Altair Engineering Inc. - Key news
- Altair Engineering Inc. - Key offerings
- Altair Engineering Inc. - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.6 AVL List GmbH
- AVL List GmbH - Overview
- AVL List GmbH - Product / Service
- AVL List GmbH - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 14.7 Belcan LLC
- Belcan LLC - Overview
- Belcan LLC - Product / Service
- Belcan LLC - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 14.8 Bertrandt AG
- Bertrandt AG - Overview
- Bertrandt AG - Product / Service
- Bertrandt AG - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 14.9 Capgemini Services SAS
- Capgemini Services SAS - Overview
- Capgemini Services SAS - Business segments
- Capgemini Services SAS - Key news
- Capgemini Services SAS - Key offerings
- Capgemini Services SAS - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.10 EDAG Group
- EDAG Group - Overview
- EDAG Group - Business segments
- EDAG Group - Key offerings
- EDAG Group - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.11 EPAM Systems Inc.
- EPAM Systems Inc. - Overview
- EPAM Systems Inc. - Business segments
- EPAM Systems Inc. - Key offerings
- EPAM Systems Inc. - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.12 FEV Group GmbH
- FEV Group GmbH - Overview
- FEV Group GmbH - Product / Service
- FEV Group GmbH - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 14.13 HCL Technologies Ltd.
- HCL Technologies Ltd. - Overview
- HCL Technologies Ltd. - Business segments
- HCL Technologies Ltd. - Key news
- HCL Technologies Ltd. - Key offerings
- HCL Technologies Ltd. - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.14 IAV GmbH
- IAV GmbH - Overview
- IAV GmbH - Product / Service
- IAV GmbH - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 14.15 L and T Technology Services Ltd.
- L and T Technology Services Ltd. - Overview
- L and T Technology Services Ltd. - Business segments
- L and T Technology Services Ltd. - Key offerings
- L and T Technology Services Ltd. - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.16 Magna International Inc.
- Magna International Inc. - Overview
- Magna International Inc. - Business segments
- Magna International Inc. - Key news
- Magna International Inc. - Key offerings
- Magna International Inc. - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.17 Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd.
- Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. - Overview
- Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. - Business segments
- Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. - Key news
- Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. - Key offerings
- Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.18 Ricardo Plc
- Ricardo Plc - Overview
- Ricardo Plc - Business segments
- Ricardo Plc - Key offerings
- Ricardo Plc - Segment focus
- SWOT
15 Appendix
- 15.1 Scope of the report
- 15.2 Inclusions and exclusions checklist
- Inclusions checklist
- Exclusions checklist
- 15.3 Currency conversion rates for US$
- Currency conversion rates for US$
- 15.4 Research methodology
- 15.5 Data procurement
- 15.6 Data validation
- 15.7 Validation techniques employed for market sizing
- Validation techniques employed for market sizing
- 15.8 Data synthesis
- 15.9 360 degree market analysis
- 360 degree market analysis
- 15.10 List of abbreviations
