한글목차

개요

자외선 안정제 시장은 2023-2028년 4억 3,181만 달러, 예측 기간 동안 6.81%의 CAGR로 성장할 것으로 예상됩니다.

본 보고서는 자외선 안정제 시장에 대한 전반적인 분석, 시장 규모와 예측, 동향, 성장 촉진요인, 과제, 약 25개 벤더를 대상으로 한 벤더 분석 등의 정보를 전해드립니다.

현재 시장 시나리오, 최신 동향 및 촉진요인, 전체 시장 환경에 대한 최신 분석을 제공합니다. 시장은 폴리머 산업의 수요 증가, 플라스틱에 대한 자외선의 유해한 영향에 대한 인식 증가, 플라스틱, 코팅 및 건설 산업의 수요 증가에 의해 주도되고 있습니다.

이 보고서는 향후 몇 년 동안 자외선 안정제 시장의 성장을 주도할 주요 요인 중 하나로 신흥국의 수요 증가를 꼽았습니다. 또한, 자동차 애플리케이션의 경량 플라스틱 제품에 대한 수요 증가와 그린 코팅의 UV 안정제 수요 증가가 시장의 큰 수요를 견인할 것으로 예상됩니다.

목차

제1장 주요 요약

• 시장 개요

제2장 시장 상황

• 시장 생태계

제3장 시장 규모

• 시장 정의
• 시장 부문 분석
• 시장 규모 2023
• 시장 전망 2023-2028

제4장 시장 규모 실적

• 자외선 안정제 세계 시장 2018-2022
• 유형별 부문 분석 2018-2022
• 용도별 부문 분석 2018-2022
• 지역별 부문 분석 2018-2022
• 국가별 부문 분석 2018-2022

제5장 Five Forces 분석

• Five Forces 요약
• 구매자의 교섭력
• 공급 기업의 교섭력
• 신규 참여업체의 위협
• 대체품의 위협
• 경쟁의 위협
• 시장 상황

제6장 시장 세분화 : 유형별

• 시장 부문
• 비교 : 유형별
• HALS : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 자외선 흡수제 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 퀜처 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 시장 기회 : 유형별

제7장 시장 세분화 : 용도별

• 시장 부문
• 비교 : 용도별
• 바닥재와 데크재 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 가구 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 자동차용 코팅 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 포장 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 기타 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 시장 기회 : 용도별

제8장 고객 상황

• 고객 상황 개요

제9장 지역별 상황

• 지역별 세분화
• 지역별 비교
• 아시아태평양 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 유럽 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 북미 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 남미 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 중동 및 아프리카 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 중국 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 미국 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 독일 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 한국 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 프랑스 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 시장 기회 : 지역 상황별

제10장 촉진요인, 과제 및 동향

• 시장 성장 촉진요인
• 시장 과제
• 성장 촉진요인과 과제의 영향
• 시장 동향

제11장 벤더 상황

• 개요
• 벤더 상황
• 혼란 상황
• 업계 리스크

제12장 벤더 분석

• 대상 벤더
• 벤더의 시장 포지셔닝
• ADEKA Corp.
• Akzo Nobel NV
• BASF SE
• Clariant International Ltd.
• Everlight Chemical Industrial Co
• Evonik Industries AG
• Lycus Ltd. LLC
• Mayzo Inc.
• Sabo Spa
• Sarex
• SI Group Inc.
• Solvay SA
• Songwon Industrial Co. Ltd.
• Suqian Unitech Corp Ltd
• Valtris Specialty Chemicals

제13장 부록

영문목차

Abstract

The ultraviolet stabilizers market is forecasted to grow by USD 431.81 mn during 2023-2028, accelerating at a CAGR of 6.81% during the forecast period. The report on the ultraviolet stabilizers market provides a holistic analysis, market size and forecast, trends, growth drivers, and challenges, as well as vendor analysis covering around 25 vendors.

The report offers an up-to-date analysis regarding the current market scenario, the latest trends and drivers, and the overall market environment. The market is driven by rising demand in the polymer industry, increasing awareness about the harmful effects of UV light on plastics, and growing demand from plastics, coatings, and construction industries.

Technavio's ultraviolet stabilizers market is segmented as below:

By Type

• HALS
• UV absorbers
• Quenchers

By Application

• Flooring and decking
• Furniture
• Automotive coatings
• Packaging
• Others

By Geographical Landscape

• APAC
• Europe
• North America
• South America
• Middle East and Africa

This study identifies the rising demand from emerging economies as one of the prime reasons driving the ultraviolet stabilizers market growth during the next few years. Also, growing demand for lightweight plastic products in automotive applications and increasing demand for UV stabilizers in green coatings will lead to sizable demand in the market.

The report on the ultraviolet stabilizers market covers the following areas:

• Ultraviolet stabilizers market sizing
• Ultraviolet stabilizers market forecast
• Ultraviolet stabilizers market industry analysis

The robust vendor analysis is designed to help clients improve their market position, and in line with this, this report provides a detailed analysis of several leading ultraviolet stabilizers market vendors that include Addivant, ADEKA Corp., Akzo Nobel NV, Ampacet Corp., BASF SE, Clariant International Ltd., Everlight Chemical Industrial Co, Everspring Chemical Co. Ltd., Evonik Industries AG, Jiangsu Chemk Co. ltd., Lanxess AG, Lycus Ltd. LLC, Mayzo Inc., Sabo Spa, Sarex, SI Group Inc., Solvay SA, Songwon Industrial Co. Ltd., Suqian Unitech Corp Ltd, and Valtris Specialty Chemicals. Also, the ultraviolet stabilizers market analysis report includes information on upcoming trends and challenges that will influence market growth. This is to help companies strategize and leverage all forthcoming growth opportunities.

The study was conducted using an objective combination of primary and secondary information including inputs from key participants in the industry. The report contains a comprehensive market and vendor landscape in addition to an analysis of the key vendors.

The publisher presents a detailed picture of the market by way of study, synthesis, and summation of data from multiple sources through an analysis of key parameters such as profit, pricing, competition, and promotions. It presents various market facets by identifying the key industry influencers. The data presented is comprehensive, reliable, and a result of extensive primary and secondary research. The market research reports provide a complete competitive landscape and an in-depth vendor selection methodology and analysis using qualitative and quantitative research to forecast accurate market growth.

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

• 1.1 Market overview
• Exhibit 01: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
• Exhibit 02: Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
• Exhibit 03: Executive Summary - Chart on Global Market Characteristics
• Exhibit 04: Executive Summary - Chart on Market By Geographical Landscape
• Exhibit 05: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Type
• Exhibit 06: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Application
• Exhibit 07: Executive Summary - Chart on Incremental Growth
• Exhibit 08: Executive Summary - Data Table on Incremental Growth
• Exhibit 09: Executive Summary - Chart on Vendor Market Positioning

2 Market Landscape

• 2.1 Market ecosystem
• Exhibit 10: Parent market
• Exhibit 11: Market Characteristics

3 Market Sizing

• 3.1 Market definition
• Exhibit 12: Offerings of vendors included in the market definition
• 3.2 Market segment analysis
• Exhibit 13: Market segments
• 3.3 Market size 2023
• 3.4 Market outlook: Forecast for 2023-2028
• Exhibit 14: Chart on Global - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 15: Data Table on Global - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 16: Chart on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 17: Data Table on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)

4 Historic Market Size

• 4.1 Global ultraviolet stabilizers market 2018 - 2022
• Exhibit 18: Historic Market Size - Data Table on global ultraviolet stabilizers market 2018 - 2022 ($ million)
• 4.2 Type Segment Analysis 2018 - 2022
• Exhibit 19: Historic Market Size - Type Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ million)
• 4.3 Application Segment Analysis 2018 - 2022
• Exhibit 20: Historic Market Size - Application Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ million)
• 4.4 Geography Segment Analysis 2018 - 2022
• Exhibit 21: Historic Market Size - Geography Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ million)
• 4.5 Country Segment Analysis 2018 - 2022
• Exhibit 22: Historic Market Size - Country Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ million)

5 Five Forces Analysis

• 5.1 Five forces summary
• Exhibit 23: Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2023 and 2028
• 5.2 Bargaining power of buyers
• Exhibit 24: Chart on Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2023 and 2028
• 5.3 Bargaining power of suppliers
• Exhibit 25: Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
• 5.4 Threat of new entrants
• Exhibit 26: Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
• 5.5 Threat of substitutes
• Exhibit 27: Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
• 5.6 Threat of rivalry
• Exhibit 28: Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
• 5.7 Market condition
• Exhibit 29: Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2023 and 2028

6 Market Segmentation by Type

• 6.1 Market segments
• Exhibit 30: Chart on Type - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 31: Data Table on Type - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
• 6.2 Comparison by Type
• Exhibit 32: Chart on Comparison by Type
• Exhibit 33: Data Table on Comparison by Type
• 6.3 HALS - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 34: Chart on HALS - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 35: Data Table on HALS - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 36: Chart on HALS - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 37: Data Table on HALS - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 6.4 UV absorbers - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 38: Chart on UV absorbers - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 39: Data Table on UV absorbers - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 40: Chart on UV absorbers - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 41: Data Table on UV absorbers - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 6.5 Quenchers - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 42: Chart on Quenchers - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 43: Data Table on Quenchers - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 44: Chart on Quenchers - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 45: Data Table on Quenchers - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 6.6 Market opportunity by Type
• Exhibit 46: Market opportunity by Type ($ million)
• Exhibit 47: Data Table on Market opportunity by Type ($ million)

7 Market Segmentation by Application

• 7.1 Market segments
• Exhibit 48: Chart on Application - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 49: Data Table on Application - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
• 7.2 Comparison by Application
• Exhibit 50: Chart on Comparison by Application
• Exhibit 51: Data Table on Comparison by Application
• 7.3 Flooring and decking - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 52: Chart on Flooring and decking - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 53: Data Table on Flooring and decking - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 54: Chart on Flooring and decking - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 55: Data Table on Flooring and decking - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 7.4 Furniture - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 56: Chart on Furniture - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 57: Data Table on Furniture - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 58: Chart on Furniture - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 59: Data Table on Furniture - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 7.5 Automotive coatings - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 60: Chart on Automotive coatings - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 61: Data Table on Automotive coatings - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 62: Chart on Automotive coatings - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 63: Data Table on Automotive coatings - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 7.6 Packaging - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 64: Chart on Packaging - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 65: Data Table on Packaging - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 66: Chart on Packaging - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 67: Data Table on Packaging - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 7.7 Others - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 68: Chart on Others - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 69: Data Table on Others - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 70: Chart on Others - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 71: Data Table on Others - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 7.8 Market opportunity by Application
• Exhibit 72: Market opportunity by Application ($ million)
• Exhibit 73: Data Table on Market opportunity by Application ($ million)

8 Customer Landscape

• 8.1 Customer landscape overview
• Exhibit 74: Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria

9 Geographic Landscape

• 9.1 Geographic segmentation
• Exhibit 75: Chart on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 76: Data Table on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.2 Geographic comparison
• Exhibit 77: Chart on Geographic comparison
• Exhibit 78: Data Table on Geographic comparison
• 9.3 APAC - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 79: Chart on APAC - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 80: Data Table on APAC - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 81: Chart on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 82: Data Table on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.4 Europe - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 83: Chart on Europe - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 84: Data Table on Europe - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 85: Chart on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 86: Data Table on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.5 North America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 87: Chart on North America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 88: Data Table on North America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 89: Chart on North America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 90: Data Table on North America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.6 South America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 91: Chart on South America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 92: Data Table on South America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 93: Chart on South America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 94: Data Table on South America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.7 Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 95: Chart on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 96: Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 97: Chart on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 98: Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.8 China - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 99: Chart on China - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 100: Data Table on China - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 101: Chart on China - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 102: Data Table on China - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.9 US - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 103: Chart on US - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 104: Data Table on US - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 105: Chart on US - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 106: Data Table on US - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.10 Germany - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 107: Chart on Germany - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 108: Data Table on Germany - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 109: Chart on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 110: Data Table on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.11 South Korea - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 111: Chart on South Korea - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 112: Data Table on South Korea - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 113: Chart on South Korea - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 114: Data Table on South Korea - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.12 France - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 115: Chart on France - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 116: Data Table on France - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 117: Chart on France - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 118: Data Table on France - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.13 Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape
• Exhibit 119: Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ million)
• Exhibit 120: Data Tables on Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ million)

10 Drivers, Challenges, and Trends

• 10.1 Market drivers
• 10.2 Market challenges
• 10.3 Impact of drivers and challenges
• Exhibit 121: Impact of drivers and challenges in 2023 and 2028
• 10.4 Market trends

11 Vendor Landscape

• 11.1 Overview
• 11.2 Vendor landscape
• Exhibit 122: Overview on Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
• 11.3 Landscape disruption
• Exhibit 123: Overview on factors of disruption
• 11.4 Industry risks
• Exhibit 124: Impact of key risks on business

12 Vendor Analysis

• 12.1 Vendors covered
• Exhibit 125: Vendors covered
• 12.2 Market positioning of vendors
• Exhibit 126: Matrix on vendor position and classification
• 12.3 ADEKA Corp.
• Exhibit 127: ADEKA Corp. - Overview
• Exhibit 128: ADEKA Corp. - Business segments
• Exhibit 129: ADEKA Corp. - Key offerings
• Exhibit 130: ADEKA Corp. - Segment focus
• 12.4 Akzo Nobel NV
• Exhibit 131: Akzo Nobel NV - Overview
• Exhibit 132: Akzo Nobel NV - Business segments
• Exhibit 133: Akzo Nobel NV - Key news
• Exhibit 134: Akzo Nobel NV - Key offerings
• Exhibit 135: Akzo Nobel NV - Segment focus
• 12.5 BASF SE
• Exhibit 136: BASF SE - Overview
• Exhibit 137: BASF SE - Business segments
• Exhibit 138: BASF SE - Key news
• Exhibit 139: BASF SE - Key offerings
• Exhibit 140: BASF SE - Segment focus
• 12.6 Clariant International Ltd.
• Exhibit 141: Clariant International Ltd. - Overview
• Exhibit 142: Clariant International Ltd. - Business segments
• Exhibit 143: Clariant International Ltd. - Key news
• Exhibit 144: Clariant International Ltd. - Key offerings
• Exhibit 145: Clariant International Ltd. - Segment focus
• 12.7 Everlight Chemical Industrial Co
• Exhibit 146: Everlight Chemical Industrial Co - Overview
• Exhibit 147: Everlight Chemical Industrial Co - Business segments
• Exhibit 148: Everlight Chemical Industrial Co - Key offerings
• Exhibit 149: Everlight Chemical Industrial Co - Segment focus
• 12.8 Evonik Industries AG
• Exhibit 150: Evonik Industries AG - Overview
• Exhibit 151: Evonik Industries AG - Business segments
• Exhibit 152: Evonik Industries AG - Key news
• Exhibit 153: Evonik Industries AG - Key offerings
• Exhibit 154: Evonik Industries AG - Segment focus
• 12.9 Lycus Ltd. LLC
• Exhibit 155: Lycus Ltd. LLC - Overview
• Exhibit 156: Lycus Ltd. LLC - Product / Service
• Exhibit 157: Lycus Ltd. LLC - Key offerings
• 12.10 Mayzo Inc.
• Exhibit 158: Mayzo Inc. - Overview
• Exhibit 159: Mayzo Inc. - Product / Service
• Exhibit 160: Mayzo Inc. - Key offerings
• 12.11 Sabo Spa
• Exhibit 161: Sabo Spa - Overview
• Exhibit 162: Sabo Spa - Product / Service
• Exhibit 163: Sabo Spa - Key offerings
• 12.12 Sarex
• Exhibit 164: Sarex - Overview
• Exhibit 165: Sarex - Product / Service
• Exhibit 166: Sarex - Key offerings
• 12.13 SI Group Inc.
• Exhibit 167: SI Group Inc. - Overview
• Exhibit 168: SI Group Inc. - Product / Service
• Exhibit 169: SI Group Inc. - Key offerings
• 12.14 Solvay SA
• Exhibit 170: Solvay SA - Overview
• Exhibit 171: Solvay SA - Business segments
• Exhibit 172: Solvay SA - Key news
• Exhibit 173: Solvay SA - Key offerings
• Exhibit 174: Solvay SA - Segment focus
• 12.15 Songwon Industrial Co. Ltd.
• Exhibit 175: Songwon Industrial Co. Ltd. - Overview
• Exhibit 176: Songwon Industrial Co. Ltd. - Business segments
• Exhibit 177: Songwon Industrial Co. Ltd. - Key offerings
• Exhibit 178: Songwon Industrial Co. Ltd. - Segment focus
• 12.16 Suqian Unitech Corp Ltd
• Exhibit 179: Suqian Unitech Corp Ltd - Overview
• Exhibit 180: Suqian Unitech Corp Ltd - Product / Service
• Exhibit 181: Suqian Unitech Corp Ltd - Key offerings
• 12.17 Valtris Specialty Chemicals
• Exhibit 182: Valtris Specialty Chemicals - Overview
• Exhibit 183: Valtris Specialty Chemicals - Product / Service
• Exhibit 184: Valtris Specialty Chemicals - Key offerings

13 Appendix

• 13.1 Scope of the report
• 13.2 Inclusions and exclusions checklist
• Exhibit 185: Inclusions checklist
• Exhibit 186: Exclusions checklist
• 13.3 Currency conversion rates for US$
• Exhibit 187: Currency conversion rates for US$
• 13.4 Research methodology
• Exhibit 188: Research methodology
• Exhibit 189: Validation techniques employed for market sizing
• Exhibit 190: Information sources
• 13.5 List of abbreviations
• Exhibit 191: List of abbreviations