한글목차

개요

세라믹 코팅 시장은 2023년부터 2028년까지 47억 달러, 예측 기간 동안 7.8%의 CAGR로 성장할 것으로 예상됩니다.

본 보고서는 세라믹 코팅 시장에 대한 전반적인 분석, 시장 규모와 예측, 동향, 성장 촉진요인, 과제, 약 25개 벤더를 대상으로 한 벤더 분석 등의 정보를 전해드립니다.

현재 시장 시나리오, 최신 동향 및 촉진요인, 전체 시장 환경에 대한 최신 분석을 제공합니다. 이 시장은 자동차 산업의 세라믹 코팅에 대한 높은 수요, 산업용 가스 터빈(IGT) 제조업체의 수요 증가, 신형 민항기 및 방위 항공기의 수요 증가 등에 의해 주도되고 있습니다.

이 보고서는 향후 몇 년 동안 세라믹 코팅 시장의 성장을 이끄는 주요 요인 중 하나로 APAC의 세라믹 코팅 수요 증가를 꼽았습니다. 또한, 항공우주 및 자동차 산업에서 HVOF의 사용 증가와 나노코팅 세라믹의 채택 증가는 시장의 큰 수요로 이어지고 있습니다.

목차

제1장 주요 요약

• 시장 개요

제2장 시장 상황

• 시장 생태계

제3장 시장 규모

• 시장 정의
• 시장 부문 분석
• 시장 규모 2023
• 시장 전망 2023-2028

제4장 시장 규모 실적

• 세라믹 코팅 세계 시장 2018-2022
• 기술별 부문 분석 2018-2022
• 제품별 부문 분석 2018-2022
• 지역별 부문 분석 2018-2022
• 국가별 부문 분석 2018-2022

제5장 Five Forces 분석

• Five Forces 요약
• 구매자의 교섭력
• 공급 기업의 교섭력
• 신규 참여업체의 위협
• 대체품의 위협
• 경쟁의 위협
• 시장 상황

제6장 시장 세분화 : 기술별

• 시장 부문
• 비교 : 기술별
• 용사 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 물리 증착(PVD) : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 화학 증착(CVD) : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 기타 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 시장 기회 : 기술별

제7장 시장 세분화 : 제품별

• 시장 부문
• 비교 : 제품별
• 산화물 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 탄화물 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 질화물 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 기타 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 시장 기회 : 제품별

제8장 고객 상황

• 고객 상황 개요

제9장 지역별 상황

• 지역별 세분화
• 지역별 비교
• 아시아태평양 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 북미 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 유럽 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 남미 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 중동 및 아프리카 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 미국 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 중국 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 일본 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 독일 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 영국 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 시장 기회 : 지역별

제10장 촉진요인, 과제 및 동향

• 시장 성장 촉진요인
• 시장 과제
• 성장 촉진요인과 과제의 영향
• 시장 동향

제11장 벤더 상황

• 개요
• 벤더 상황
• 혼란 상황
• 업계 리스크

제12장 벤더 분석

• 대상 벤더
• 벤더의 시장 포지셔닝
• 3M Co.
• Akzo Nobel NV
• Axalta Coating Systems Ltd.
• CARPRO Global Ltd.
• Chemical Guys
• Feynlab Inc.
• HydroSilex LLC
• IGL Coatings Ltd.
• Optimum Polymer Technologies
• PPG Industries Inc.
• Rust Oleum Corp.
• The Sherwin Williams Co.
• ThermaCote
• Turtle Wax Inc.
• XPEL Inc.

제13장 부록

영문목차

Abstract

The ceramic coatings market is forecasted to grow by USD 4.70 bn during 2023-2028, accelerating at a CAGR of 7.8% during the forecast period. The report on the ceramic coatings market provides a holistic analysis, market size and forecast, trends, growth drivers, and challenges, as well as vendor analysis covering around 25 vendors.

The report offers an up-to-date analysis regarding the current market scenario, the latest trends and drivers, and the overall market environment. The market is driven by high demand for ceramic coatings in the automotive industry, increased demand from industrial gas turbine (IGT) manufacturers, and a rise in demand for new commercial and defense aircraft.

Technavio's ceramic coatings market is segmented as below:

By Technology

• Thermal spray
• Physical vapor deposition (PVD)
• Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
• Others

By Product

• Oxides
• Carbides
• Nitrides
• Others

By Geography

• APAC
• North America
• Europe
• South America
• Middle East and Africa

This study identifies the increased demand for ceramic coatings from APAC as one of the prime reasons driving the ceramic coatings market growth during the next few years. Also, increasing use of HVOF in aerospace and automotive industries and rise in adoption of nano-coating ceramics will lead to sizable demand in the market.

The report on the ceramic coatings market covers the following areas:

• Ceramic coatings market sizing
• Ceramic coatings market forecast
• Ceramic coatings market industry analysis

The robust vendor analysis is designed to help clients improve their market position, and in line with this, this report provides a detailed analysis of several leading ceramic coatings market vendors that include 3M Co., Akzo Nobel NV, Chemical Guys, Axalta Coating Systems Ltd., CARPRO Global Ltd., Element 119 LLC, Feynlab Inc., HydroSilex LLC, IGL Coatings Ltd., Innovative Chemicals Pte. Ltd., Kovalent Coatings, ONYX COATING GmbH, Optimum Polymer Technologies, PPG Industries Inc., Robert McKee Enterprises Inc., Rust Oleum Corp., The Sherwin Williams Co., ThermaCote, Turtle Wax Inc., and XPEL Inc.. Also, the ceramic coatings market analysis report includes information on upcoming trends and challenges that will influence market growth. This is to help companies strategize and leverage all forthcoming growth opportunities.

The study was conducted using an objective combination of primary and secondary information including inputs from key participants in the industry. The report contains a comprehensive market and vendor landscape in addition to an analysis of the key vendors.

The publisher presents a detailed picture of the market by the way of study, synthesis, and summation of data from multiple sources by an analysis of key parameters such as profit, pricing, competition, and promotions. It presents various market facets by identifying the key industry influencers. The data presented is comprehensive, reliable, and a result of extensive research - both primary and secondary. The market research reports provide a complete competitive landscape and an in-depth vendor selection methodology and analysis using qualitative and quantitative research to forecast the accurate market growth.

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

• 1.1 Market overview
• Exhibit 01: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
• Exhibit 02: Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
• Exhibit 03: Executive Summary - Chart on Global Market Characteristics
• Exhibit 04: Executive Summary - Chart on Market by Geography
• Exhibit 05: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Technology
• Exhibit 06: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Product
• Exhibit 07: Executive Summary - Chart on Incremental Growth
• Exhibit 08: Executive Summary - Data Table on Incremental Growth
• Exhibit 09: Executive Summary - Chart on Vendor Market Positioning

2 Market Landscape

• 2.1 Market ecosystem
• Exhibit 10: Parent market
• Exhibit 11: Market Characteristics

3 Market Sizing

• 3.1 Market definition
• Exhibit 12: Offerings of vendors included in the market definition
• 3.2 Market segment analysis
• Exhibit 13: Market segments
• 3.3 Market size 2023
• 3.4 Market outlook: Forecast for 2023-2028
• Exhibit 14: Chart on Global - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 15: Data Table on Global - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 16: Chart on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 17: Data Table on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)

4 Historic Market Size

• 4.1 Global ceramic coatings market 2018 - 2022
• Exhibit 18: Historic Market Size - Data Table on global ceramic coatings market 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)
• 4.2 Technology Segment Analysis 2018 - 2022
• Exhibit 19: Historic Market Size - Technology Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)
• 4.3 Product Segment Analysis 2018 - 2022
• Exhibit 20: Historic Market Size - Product Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)
• 4.4 Geography Segment Analysis 2018 - 2022
• Exhibit 21: Historic Market Size - Geography Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)
• 4.5 Country Segment Analysis 2018 - 2022
• Exhibit 22: Historic Market Size - Country Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)

5 Five Forces Analysis

• 5.1 Five forces summary
• Exhibit 23: Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2023 and 2028
• 5.2 Bargaining power of buyers
• Exhibit 24: Chart on Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2023 and 2028
• 5.3 Bargaining power of suppliers
• Exhibit 25: Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
• 5.4 Threat of new entrants
• Exhibit 26: Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
• 5.5 Threat of substitutes
• Exhibit 27: Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
• 5.6 Threat of rivalry
• Exhibit 28: Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
• 5.7 Market condition
• Exhibit 29: Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2023 and 2028

6 Market Segmentation by Technology

• 6.1 Market segments
• Exhibit 30: Chart on Technology - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 31: Data Table on Technology - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
• 6.2 Comparison by Technology
• Exhibit 32: Chart on Comparison by Technology
• Exhibit 33: Data Table on Comparison by Technology
• 6.3 Thermal spray - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 34: Chart on Thermal spray - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 35: Data Table on Thermal spray - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 36: Chart on Thermal spray - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 37: Data Table on Thermal spray - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 6.4 Physical vapor deposition (PVD) - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 38: Chart on Physical vapor deposition (PVD) - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 39: Data Table on Physical vapor deposition (PVD) - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 40: Chart on Physical vapor deposition (PVD) - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 41: Data Table on Physical vapor deposition (PVD) - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 6.5 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 42: Chart on Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 43: Data Table on Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 44: Chart on Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 45: Data Table on Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 6.6 Others - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 46: Chart on Others - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 47: Data Table on Others - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 48: Chart on Others - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 49: Data Table on Others - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 6.7 Market opportunity by Technology
• Exhibit 50: Market opportunity by Technology ($ billion)
• Exhibit 51: Data Table on Market opportunity by Technology ($ billion)

7 Market Segmentation by Product

• 7.1 Market segments
• Exhibit 52: Chart on Product - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 53: Data Table on Product - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
• 7.2 Comparison by Product
• Exhibit 54: Chart on Comparison by Product
• Exhibit 55: Data Table on Comparison by Product
• 7.3 Oxides - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 56: Chart on Oxides - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 57: Data Table on Oxides - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 58: Chart on Oxides - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 59: Data Table on Oxides - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 7.4 Carbides - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 60: Chart on Carbides - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 61: Data Table on Carbides - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 62: Chart on Carbides - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 63: Data Table on Carbides - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 7.5 Nitrides - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 64: Chart on Nitrides - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 65: Data Table on Nitrides - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 66: Chart on Nitrides - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 67: Data Table on Nitrides - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 7.6 Others - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 68: Chart on Others - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 69: Data Table on Others - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 70: Chart on Others - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 71: Data Table on Others - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 7.7 Market opportunity by Product
• Exhibit 72: Market opportunity by Product ($ billion)
• Exhibit 73: Data Table on Market opportunity by Product ($ billion)

8 Customer Landscape

• 8.1 Customer landscape overview
• Exhibit 74: Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria

9 Geographic Landscape

• 9.1 Geographic segmentation
• Exhibit 75: Chart on Market share by geography 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 76: Data Table on Market share by geography 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.2 Geographic comparison
• Exhibit 77: Chart on Geographic comparison
• Exhibit 78: Data Table on Geographic comparison
• 9.3 APAC - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 79: Chart on APAC - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 80: Data Table on APAC - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 81: Chart on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 82: Data Table on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.4 North America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 83: Chart on North America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 84: Data Table on North America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 85: Chart on North America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 86: Data Table on North America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.5 Europe - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 87: Chart on Europe - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 88: Data Table on Europe - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 89: Chart on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 90: Data Table on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.6 South America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 91: Chart on South America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 92: Data Table on South America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 93: Chart on South America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 94: Data Table on South America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.7 Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 95: Chart on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 96: Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 97: Chart on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 98: Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.8 US - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 99: Chart on US - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 100: Data Table on US - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 101: Chart on US - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 102: Data Table on US - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.9 China - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 103: Chart on China - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 104: Data Table on China - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 105: Chart on China - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 106: Data Table on China - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.10 Japan - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 107: Chart on Japan - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 108: Data Table on Japan - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 109: Chart on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 110: Data Table on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.11 Germany - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 111: Chart on Germany - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 112: Data Table on Germany - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 113: Chart on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 114: Data Table on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.12 UK - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 115: Chart on UK - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 116: Data Table on UK - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 117: Chart on UK - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 118: Data Table on UK - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.13 Market opportunity by geography
• Exhibit 119: Market opportunity by geography ($ billion)
• Exhibit 120: Data Tables on Market opportunity by geography ($ billion)

10 Drivers, Challenges, and Trends

• 10.1 Market drivers
• 10.2 Market challenges
• 10.3 Impact of drivers and challenges
• Exhibit 121: Impact of drivers and challenges in 2023 and 2028
• 10.4 Market trends

11 Vendor Landscape

• 11.1 Overview
• 11.2 Vendor landscape
• Exhibit 122: Overview on Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
• 11.3 Landscape disruption
• Exhibit 123: Overview on factors of disruption
• 11.4 Industry risks
• Exhibit 124: Impact of key risks on business

12 Vendor Analysis

• 12.1 Vendors covered
• Exhibit 125: Vendors covered
• 12.2 Market positioning of vendors
• Exhibit 126: Matrix on vendor position and classification
• 12.3 3M Co.
• Exhibit 127: 3M Co. - Overview
• Exhibit 128: 3M Co. - Business segments
• Exhibit 129: 3M Co. - Key news
• Exhibit 130: 3M Co. - Key offerings
• Exhibit 131: 3M Co. - Segment focus
• 12.4 Akzo Nobel NV
• Exhibit 132: Akzo Nobel NV - Overview
• Exhibit 133: Akzo Nobel NV - Business segments
• Exhibit 134: Akzo Nobel NV - Key news
• Exhibit 135: Akzo Nobel NV - Key offerings
• Exhibit 136: Akzo Nobel NV - Segment focus
• 12.5 Axalta Coating Systems Ltd.
• Exhibit 137: Axalta Coating Systems Ltd. - Overview
• Exhibit 138: Axalta Coating Systems Ltd. - Business segments
• Exhibit 139: Axalta Coating Systems Ltd. - Key offerings
• Exhibit 140: Axalta Coating Systems Ltd. - Segment focus
• 12.6 CARPRO Global Ltd.
• Exhibit 141: CARPRO Global Ltd. - Overview
• Exhibit 142: CARPRO Global Ltd. - Product / Service
• Exhibit 143: CARPRO Global Ltd. - Key offerings
• 12.7 Chemical Guys
• Exhibit 144: Chemical Guys - Overview
• Exhibit 145: Chemical Guys - Product / Service
• Exhibit 146: Chemical Guys - Key offerings
• 12.8 Feynlab Inc.
• Exhibit 147: Feynlab Inc. - Overview
• Exhibit 148: Feynlab Inc. - Product / Service
• Exhibit 149: Feynlab Inc. - Key offerings
• 12.9 HydroSilex LLC
• Exhibit 150: HydroSilex LLC - Overview
• Exhibit 151: HydroSilex LLC - Product / Service
• Exhibit 152: HydroSilex LLC - Key offerings
• 12.10 IGL Coatings Ltd.
• Exhibit 153: IGL Coatings Ltd. - Overview
• Exhibit 154: IGL Coatings Ltd. - Product / Service
• Exhibit 155: IGL Coatings Ltd. - Key offerings
• 12.11 Optimum Polymer Technologies
• Exhibit 156: Optimum Polymer Technologies - Overview
• Exhibit 157: Optimum Polymer Technologies - Product / Service
• Exhibit 158: Optimum Polymer Technologies - Key offerings
• 12.12 PPG Industries Inc.
• Exhibit 159: PPG Industries Inc. - Overview
• Exhibit 160: PPG Industries Inc. - Business segments
• Exhibit 161: PPG Industries Inc. - Key offerings
• Exhibit 162: PPG Industries Inc. - Segment focus
• 12.13 Rust Oleum Corp.
• Exhibit 163: Rust Oleum Corp. - Overview
• Exhibit 164: Rust Oleum Corp. - Product / Service
• Exhibit 165: Rust Oleum Corp. - Key offerings
• 12.14 The Sherwin Williams Co.
• Exhibit 166: The Sherwin Williams Co. - Overview
• Exhibit 167: The Sherwin Williams Co. - Business segments
• Exhibit 168: The Sherwin Williams Co. - Key news
• Exhibit 169: The Sherwin Williams Co. - Key offerings
• Exhibit 170: The Sherwin Williams Co. - Segment focus
• 12.15 ThermaCote
• Exhibit 171: ThermaCote - Overview
• Exhibit 172: ThermaCote - Product / Service
• Exhibit 173: ThermaCote - Key offerings
• 12.16 Turtle Wax Inc.
• Exhibit 174: Turtle Wax Inc. - Overview
• Exhibit 175: Turtle Wax Inc. - Product / Service
• Exhibit 176: Turtle Wax Inc. - Key offerings
• 12.17 XPEL Inc.
• Exhibit 177: XPEL Inc. - Overview
• Exhibit 178: XPEL Inc. - Product / Service
• Exhibit 179: XPEL Inc. - Key offerings

13 Appendix

• 13.1 Scope of the report
• 13.2 Inclusions and exclusions checklist
• Exhibit 180: Inclusions checklist
• Exhibit 181: Exclusions checklist
• 13.3 Currency conversion rates for US$
• Exhibit 182: Currency conversion rates for US$
• 13.4 Research methodology
• Exhibit 183: Research methodology
• Exhibit 184: Validation techniques employed for market sizing
• Exhibit 185: Information sources
• 13.5 List of abbreviations
• Exhibit 186: List of abbreviations