한글목차

개요

PPR 및 HDPE 시장은 2023-2028년간 285억 4,000만 달러 확대되고, 예측 기간 중 연평균 복합 성장률(CAGR)은 6.21%를 나타낼 것으로 예측됩니다.

PPR 및 HDPE 시장에 대한 전체적인 분석, 시장 규모와 예측, 동향, 성장 촉진요인, 과제, 약 25개 벤더를 대상으로 한 벤더 분석 등의 정보를 게재했습니다.

현재의 시장 시나리오, 최신 동향과 촉진요인, 시장 환경 전체에 관한 최신 분석을 제공합니다. 메탈로센계 폴리올레핀 수요 증가, 의료기기 수요 증가, 높은 투명성을 갖춘 포장 및 라벨링 솔루션 수요 증가 등에 의해 시장 성장이 가속되고 있습니다.

본 조사에서는 재료 과학, PPR 및 HDPE 제조 공정 진보를 향후 몇 년간 PPR 및 HDPE 시장 성장을 가속하는 주요인 중 하나라고 특정하고 있습니다. 지속가능한 건축자재나 친환경 솔루션 도입이 증가하고 있는 것, PPR 및 HDPE의 최근 발전은 시장의 높은 수요로 연결될 전망입니다.

목차

제1장 주요 요약

• 시장 개요

제2장 시장 구도

• 시장 생태계

제3장 시장 규모

• 시장의 정의
• 시장 부문 분석
• 시장 규모(2023년)
• 시장 전망(2023-2028년)

제4장 시장 규모 실적

• 세계의 PPR 및 HDPE 시장(2018-2022년)
• 유형별 부문 분석(2018-2022년)
• 용도별 부문 분석(2018-2022년)
• 지역별 부문 분석(2018-2022년)
• 국가별 부문 분석(2018-2022년)

제5장 Five Forces 분석

• Five Forces 요약
• 바이어의 교섭력
• 공급 기업의 교섭력
• 신규 진출업체의 위협
• 대체품의 위협
• 경쟁 위협
• 시장 현황

제6장 시장 세분화 : 유형별

• 시장 부문
• 비교 : 유형별
• HDPE : 시장 규모와 예측(2023-2028년)
• PPR : 시장 규모와 예측(2023-2028년)
• 시장 기회 : 유형별

제7장 시장 세분화 : 용도별

• 시장 부문
• 비교 : 용도별
• 포장 : 시장 규모와 예측(2023-2028년)
• 헬스케어 : 시장 규모와 예측(2023-2028년)
• 건설 : 시장 규모와 예측(2023-2028년)
• 기타 : 시장 규모와 예측(2023-2028년)
• 시장 기회 : 용도별

제8장 고객 상황

• 고객 상황 개요

제9장 지역별 상황

• 지역별 세분화
• 지역별 비교
• 아시아태평양 : 시장 규모와 예측(2023-2028년)
• 북미 : 시장 규모와 예측(2023-2028년)
• 유럽 : 시장 규모와 예측(2023-2028년)
• 남미 : 시장 규모와 예측(2023-2028년)
• 중동 및 아프리카 : 시장 규모와 예측(2023-2028년)
• 중국 : 시장 규모와 예측(2023-2028년)
• 미국 : 시장 규모와 예측(2023-2028년)
• 인도 : 시장 규모와 예측(2023-2028년)
• 독일 : 시장 규모와 예측(2023-2028년)
• 일본 : 시장 규모와 예측(2023-2028년)
• 시장 기회 : 지역별

제10장 성장 촉진요인, 과제 및 동향

• 시장 성장 촉진요인
• 시장이 해결해야 할 과제
• 성장 촉진요인과 과제의 영향
• 시장 동향

제11장 벤더 구도

• 개요
• 벤더 구도
• 혼란 상황
• 업계 리스크

제12장 벤더 분석

• 대상 벤더
• 벤더의 시장 포지셔닝
• Chevron Corp.
• Dow Chemical Co.
• Eni SpA
• Exxon Mobil Corp.
• Georg Fischer Ltd.
• INEOS Group Holdings SA
• LyondellBasell Industries N.V.
• MOL Group
• OMV Aktiengesellschaft
• Orbia Advance Corp. SAB de CV
• Sasol Ltd.
• Saudi Basic Industries Corp.
• Siam Cement PCL
• TotalEnergies SE
• Wienerberger AG

제13장 부록

영문목차

Abstract

The PPR and HDPE market is forecasted to grow by USD 28.54 bn during 2023-2028, accelerating at a CAGR of 6.21% during the forecast period. The report on the PPR and HDPE market provides a holistic analysis, market size and forecast, trends, growth drivers, and challenges, as well as vendor analysis covering around 25 vendors.

The report offers an up-to-date analysis regarding the current market scenario, the latest trends and drivers, and the overall market environment. The market is driven by rising demand for metallocene-based polyolefins, rise in demand for medical equipment, and rising demand for packaging and labeling solutions with high clarity and transparency.

Technavio's PPR and HDPE market is segmented as below:

By Type

• HDPE
• PPR

By Application

• Packaging
• Healthcare
• Construction
• Others

By Geography

• APAC
• North America
• Europe
• South America
• Middle East and Africa

This study identifies the advancements in material science and PPR and HDPE manufacturing processes as one of the prime reasons driving the PPR and HDPE market growth during the next few years. Also, rising adoption of sustainable building materials and eco-friendly plumbing solutions and recent developments in PPR and HDPE will lead to sizable demand in the market.

The report on the PPR and HDPE market covers the following areas:

• PPR and HDPE market sizing
• PPR and HDPE market forecast
• PPR and HDPE market industry analysis

The robust vendor analysis is designed to help clients improve their market position, and in line with this, this report provides a detailed analysis of several leading PPR and HDPE market vendors that include aquatherm, Chevron Corp., Dow Chemical Co., Eni SpA, Exxon Mobil Corp., Formosa Plastics Corp., Georg Fischer Ltd., Harwal Group, HURNER Schweisstechnik Gulf L.L.C, Hyosung TNC Corp., Indian Oil Corp. Ltd., INEOS Group Holdings SA, Lotte Corp., LyondellBasell Industries N.V., MOL Group, NUPI INDUSTRIE ITALIANE SpA, OMV Aktiengesellschaft, Orbia Advance Corp. SAB de CV, Reliance Industries Ltd., Sasol Ltd., Saudi Basic Industries Corp., Siam Cement PCL, TotalEnergies SE, agru Kunststofftechnik Gesellschaft mbh, Entec Polymers, Petro Plus Chemical, and Wienerberger AG. Also, the PPR and HDPE market analysis report includes information on upcoming trends and challenges that will influence market growth. This is to help companies strategize and leverage all forthcoming growth opportunities.

The study was conducted using an objective combination of primary and secondary information including inputs from key participants in the industry. The report contains a comprehensive market and vendor landscape in addition to an analysis of the key vendors.

The publisher presents a detailed picture of the market by the way of study, synthesis, and summation of data from multiple sources by an analysis of key parameters such as profit, pricing, competition, and promotions. It presents various market facets by identifying the key industry influencers. The data presented is comprehensive, reliable, and a result of extensive research - both primary and secondary. The market research reports provide a complete competitive landscape and an in-depth vendor selection methodology and analysis using qualitative and quantitative research to forecast the accurate market growth.

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

• 1.1 Market overview
• Exhibit 01: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
• Exhibit 02: Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
• Exhibit 03: Executive Summary - Chart on Global Market Characteristics
• Exhibit 04: Executive Summary - Chart on Market by Geography
• Exhibit 05: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Type
• Exhibit 06: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Application
• Exhibit 07: Executive Summary - Chart on Incremental Growth
• Exhibit 08: Executive Summary - Data Table on Incremental Growth
• Exhibit 09: Executive Summary - Chart on Vendor Market Positioning

2 Market Landscape

• 2.1 Market ecosystem
• Exhibit 10: Parent market
• Exhibit 11: Market Characteristics

3 Market Sizing

• 3.1 Market definition
• Exhibit 12: Offerings of vendors included in the market definition
• 3.2 Market segment analysis
• Exhibit 13: Market segments
• 3.3 Market size 2023
• 3.4 Market outlook: Forecast for 2023-2028
• Exhibit 14: Chart on Global - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 15: Data Table on Global - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 16: Chart on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 17: Data Table on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)

4 Historic Market Size

• 4.1 Global PPR and HDPE market 2018 - 2022
• Exhibit 18: Historic Market Size - Data Table on global ppr and hdpe market 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)
• 4.2 Type Segment Analysis 2018 - 2022
• Exhibit 19: Historic Market Size - Type Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)
• 4.3 Application Segment Analysis 2018 - 2022
• Exhibit 20: Historic Market Size - Application Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)
• 4.4 Geography Segment Analysis 2018 - 2022
• Exhibit 21: Historic Market Size - Geography Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)
• 4.5 Country Segment Analysis 2018 - 2022
• Exhibit 22: Historic Market Size - Country Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)

5 Five Forces Analysis

• 5.1 Five forces summary
• Exhibit 23: Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2023 and 2028
• 5.2 Bargaining power of buyers
• Exhibit 24: Chart on Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2023 and 2028
• 5.3 Bargaining power of suppliers
• Exhibit 25: Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
• 5.4 Threat of new entrants
• Exhibit 26: Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
• 5.5 Threat of substitutes
• Exhibit 27: Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
• 5.6 Threat of rivalry
• Exhibit 28: Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
• 5.7 Market condition
• Exhibit 29: Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2023 and 2028

6 Market Segmentation by Type

• 6.1 Market segments
• Exhibit 30: Chart on Type - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 31: Data Table on Type - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
• 6.2 Comparison by Type
• Exhibit 32: Chart on Comparison by Type
• Exhibit 33: Data Table on Comparison by Type
• 6.3 HDPE - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 34: Chart on HDPE - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 35: Data Table on HDPE - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 36: Chart on HDPE - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 37: Data Table on HDPE - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 6.4 PPR - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 38: Chart on PPR - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 39: Data Table on PPR - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 40: Chart on PPR - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 41: Data Table on PPR - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 6.5 Market opportunity by Type
• Exhibit 42: Market opportunity by Type ($ billion)
• Exhibit 43: Data Table on Market opportunity by Type ($ billion)

7 Market Segmentation by Application

• 7.1 Market segments
• Exhibit 44: Chart on Application - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 45: Data Table on Application - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
• 7.2 Comparison by Application
• Exhibit 46: Chart on Comparison by Application
• Exhibit 47: Data Table on Comparison by Application
• 7.3 Packaging - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 48: Chart on Packaging - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 49: Data Table on Packaging - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 50: Chart on Packaging - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 51: Data Table on Packaging - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 7.4 Healthcare - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 52: Chart on Healthcare - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 53: Data Table on Healthcare - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 54: Chart on Healthcare - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 55: Data Table on Healthcare - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 7.5 Construction - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 56: Chart on Construction - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 57: Data Table on Construction - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 58: Chart on Construction - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 59: Data Table on Construction - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 7.6 Others - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 60: Chart on Others - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 61: Data Table on Others - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 62: Chart on Others - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 63: Data Table on Others - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 7.7 Market opportunity by Application
• Exhibit 64: Market opportunity by Application ($ billion)
• Exhibit 65: Data Table on Market opportunity by Application ($ billion)

8 Customer Landscape

• 8.1 Customer landscape overview
• Exhibit 66: Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria

9 Geographic Landscape

• 9.1 Geographic segmentation
• Exhibit 67: Chart on Market share by geography 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 68: Data Table on Market share by geography 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.2 Geographic comparison
• Exhibit 69: Chart on Geographic comparison
• Exhibit 70: Data Table on Geographic comparison
• 9.3 APAC - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 71: Chart on APAC - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 72: Data Table on APAC - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 73: Chart on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 74: Data Table on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.4 North America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 75: Chart on North America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 76: Data Table on North America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 77: Chart on North America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 78: Data Table on North America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.5 Europe - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 79: Chart on Europe - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 80: Data Table on Europe - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 81: Chart on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 82: Data Table on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.6 South America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 83: Chart on South America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 84: Data Table on South America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 85: Chart on South America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 86: Data Table on South America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.7 Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 87: Chart on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 88: Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 89: Chart on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 90: Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.8 China - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 91: Chart on China - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 92: Data Table on China - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 93: Chart on China - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 94: Data Table on China - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.9 US - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 95: Chart on US - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 96: Data Table on US - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 97: Chart on US - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 98: Data Table on US - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.10 India - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 99: Chart on India - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 100: Data Table on India - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 101: Chart on India - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 102: Data Table on India - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.11 Germany - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 103: Chart on Germany - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 104: Data Table on Germany - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 105: Chart on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 106: Data Table on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.12 Japan - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 107: Chart on Japan - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 108: Data Table on Japan - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 109: Chart on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 110: Data Table on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.13 Market opportunity by geography
• Exhibit 111: Market opportunity by geography ($ billion)
• Exhibit 112: Data Tables on Market opportunity by geography ($ billion)

10 Drivers, Challenges, and Trends

• 10.1 Market drivers
• 10.2 Market challenges
• 10.3 Impact of drivers and challenges
• Exhibit 113: Impact of drivers and challenges in 2023 and 2028
• 10.4 Market trends

11 Vendor Landscape

• 11.1 Overview
• 11.2 Vendor landscape
• Exhibit 114: Overview on Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
• 11.3 Landscape disruption
• Exhibit 115: Overview on factors of disruption
• 11.4 Industry risks
• Exhibit 116: Impact of key risks on business

12 Vendor Analysis

• 12.1 Vendors covered
• Exhibit 117: Vendors covered
• 12.2 Market positioning of vendors
• Exhibit 118: Matrix on vendor position and classification
• 12.3 Chevron Corp.
• Exhibit 119: Chevron Corp. - Overview
• Exhibit 120: Chevron Corp. - Business segments
• Exhibit 121: Chevron Corp. - Key news
• Exhibit 122: Chevron Corp. - Key offerings
• Exhibit 123: Chevron Corp. - Segment focus
• 12.4 Dow Chemical Co.
• Exhibit 124: Dow Chemical Co. - Overview
• Exhibit 125: Dow Chemical Co. - Business segments
• Exhibit 126: Dow Chemical Co. - Key news
• Exhibit 127: Dow Chemical Co. - Key offerings
• Exhibit 128: Dow Chemical Co. - Segment focus
• 12.5 Eni SpA
• Exhibit 129: Eni SpA - Overview
• Exhibit 130: Eni SpA - Business segments
• Exhibit 131: Eni SpA - Key offerings
• Exhibit 132: Eni SpA - Segment focus
• 12.6 Exxon Mobil Corp.
• Exhibit 133: Exxon Mobil Corp. - Overview
• Exhibit 134: Exxon Mobil Corp. - Business segments
• Exhibit 135: Exxon Mobil Corp. - Key news
• Exhibit 136: Exxon Mobil Corp. - Key offerings
• Exhibit 137: Exxon Mobil Corp. - Segment focus
• 12.7 Georg Fischer Ltd.
• Exhibit 138: Georg Fischer Ltd. - Overview
• Exhibit 139: Georg Fischer Ltd. - Business segments
• Exhibit 140: Georg Fischer Ltd. - Key offerings
• Exhibit 141: Georg Fischer Ltd. - Segment focus
• 12.8 INEOS Group Holdings SA
• Exhibit 142: INEOS Group Holdings SA - Overview
• Exhibit 143: INEOS Group Holdings SA - Business segments
• Exhibit 144: INEOS Group Holdings SA - Key news
• Exhibit 145: INEOS Group Holdings SA - Key offerings
• Exhibit 146: INEOS Group Holdings SA - Segment focus
• 12.9 LyondellBasell Industries N.V.
• Exhibit 147: LyondellBasell Industries N.V. - Overview
• Exhibit 148: LyondellBasell Industries N.V. - Business segments
• Exhibit 149: LyondellBasell Industries N.V. - Key news
• Exhibit 150: LyondellBasell Industries N.V. - Key offerings
• Exhibit 151: LyondellBasell Industries N.V. - Segment focus
• 12.10 MOL Group
• Exhibit 152: MOL Group - Overview
• Exhibit 153: MOL Group - Business segments
• Exhibit 154: MOL Group - Key offerings
• Exhibit 155: MOL Group - Segment focus
• 12.11 OMV Aktiengesellschaft
• Exhibit 156: OMV Aktiengesellschaft - Overview
• Exhibit 157: OMV Aktiengesellschaft - Business segments
• Exhibit 158: OMV Aktiengesellschaft - Key offerings
• Exhibit 159: OMV Aktiengesellschaft - Segment focus
• 12.12 Orbia Advance Corp. SAB de CV
• Exhibit 160: Orbia Advance Corp. SAB de CV - Overview
• Exhibit 161: Orbia Advance Corp. SAB de CV - Business segments
• Exhibit 162: Orbia Advance Corp. SAB de CV - Key offerings
• Exhibit 163: Orbia Advance Corp. SAB de CV - Segment focus
• 12.13 Sasol Ltd.
• Exhibit 164: Sasol Ltd. - Overview
• Exhibit 165: Sasol Ltd. - Business segments
• Exhibit 166: Sasol Ltd. - Key news
• Exhibit 167: Sasol Ltd. - Key offerings
• Exhibit 168: Sasol Ltd. - Segment focus
• 12.14 Saudi Basic Industries Corp.
• Exhibit 169: Saudi Basic Industries Corp. - Overview
• Exhibit 170: Saudi Basic Industries Corp. - Business segments
• Exhibit 171: Saudi Basic Industries Corp. - Key offerings
• Exhibit 172: Saudi Basic Industries Corp. - Segment focus
• 12.15 Siam Cement PCL
• Exhibit 173: Siam Cement PCL - Overview
• Exhibit 174: Siam Cement PCL - Business segments
• Exhibit 175: Siam Cement PCL - Key offerings
• Exhibit 176: Siam Cement PCL - Segment focus
• 12.16 TotalEnergies SE
• Exhibit 177: TotalEnergies SE - Overview
• Exhibit 178: TotalEnergies SE - Business segments
• Exhibit 179: TotalEnergies SE - Key news
• Exhibit 180: TotalEnergies SE - Key offerings
• Exhibit 181: TotalEnergies SE - Segment focus
• 12.17 Wienerberger AG
• Exhibit 182: Wienerberger AG - Overview
• Exhibit 183: Wienerberger AG - Business segments
• Exhibit 184: Wienerberger AG - Key offerings
• Exhibit 185: Wienerberger AG - Segment focus

13 Appendix

• 13.1 Scope of the report
• 13.2 Inclusions and exclusions checklist
• Exhibit 186: Inclusions checklist
• Exhibit 187: Exclusions checklist
• 13.3 Currency conversion rates for US$
• Exhibit 188: Currency conversion rates for US$
• 13.4 Research methodology
• Exhibit 189: Research methodology
• Exhibit 190: Validation techniques employed for market sizing
• Exhibit 191: Information sources
• 13.5 List of abbreviations
• Exhibit 192: List of abbreviations