한글목차

개요

사염화탄소 시장은 2023-20281년에 7,737만 달러, 예측 기간 중 CAGR은 4.95%로 성장할 것으로 예측됩니다.

사염화탄소 시장의 전체적인 분석, 시장 규모·예측, 동향, 성장 촉진요인, 과제, 약 25개 벤더를 다룬 벤더 분석 등을 제공합니다.

현재의 시장 시나리오, 최신 동향과 촉진요인, 시장 환경 전체에 관한 최신 분석을 제공하고 있습니다. 시장은 친환경 냉매의 채택 증가, 불소수지의 수요 증가, 제약 업계에서 사염화탄소의 수요 증가가 촉진하고 있습니다.

본 조사에서는 향후 수년간 사염화탄소 시장 성장을 촉진하는 주요 요인의 하나로 냉동식품 및 신선식품의 수요 증가를 들고 있습니다. 또한 특히 신흥 국가에서 냉장 시스템의 수요 증가 및 비료·농약의 수요 증가도 시장의 큰 수요로 연결됩니다.

목차

제1장 주요 요약

• 시장 개요

제2장 시장 구도

• 시장 에코시스템

제3장 시장 규모 파악

• 시장의 정의
• 시장 부문 분석
• 시장 규모 2023
• 시장 전망 2023-2028

제4장 시장 규모 실적

• 세계의 사염화탄소 시장 2018-2022
• 유형별 부문 분석 2018-2022
• 용도별 부문 분석 2018-2022
• 지역별 부문 분석 2018-2022
• 국가별 부문 분석 2018-2022

제5장 Five forces 분석

• Five Forces 요약
• 구매자의 교섭력
• 공급 기업의 교섭력
• 신규 진출업체의 위협
• 대체품의 위협
• 경쟁의 위협
• 시장 현황

제6장 시장 세분화 : 유형별

• 시장 부문
• 비교 : 유형별
• 의약품 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 분석 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 산업 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 시장 기회 : 유형별

제7장 시장 세분화 : 용도별

• 시장 부문
• 비교 : 용도별
• 화학제품 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 산업 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 텍스타일 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 의약품 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 기타 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 시장 기회 : 용도별

제8장 고객 상황

• 고객 상황의 개요

제9장 지역별 상황

• 지역별 세분화
• 지역별 비교
• 북미 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 유럽 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 아시아태평양 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 중동 및 아프리카 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 남미 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 미국 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 일본 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 독일 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 프랑스 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 영국 : 시장 규모와 예측 2023-2028
• 시장 기회 : 지역별

제10장 촉진요인, 과제 및 동향

• 시장 촉진요인
• 시장이 해결해야 할 과제
• 촉진요인과 과제의 영향
• 시장 동향

제11장 벤더 구도

• 개요
• 벤더 구도
• 혼란의 상황
• 업계의 리스크

제12장 벤더 분석

• 대상 벤더
• 벤더의 시장 포지셔닝
• Arihant Solvents and Chemicals
• Chemtex Speciality Ltd.
• DuPont de Nemours Inc.
• East India Chemicals International
• Epigral Ltd.
• Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Ltd.
• INEOS Group Holdings SA
• KEM ONE
• LGC Science Group Holdings Ltd.
• Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd.
• Merck KGaA
• Nouryon Chemicals Holding BV
• Occidental Petroleum Corp.
• Restek Corp.
• Vizag Chemical International

제13장 부록

영문목차

Abstract

The carbon tetrachloride market is forecasted to grow by USD 77.37 mn during 2023-2028, accelerating at a CAGR of 4.95% during the forecast period. The report on the carbon tetrachloride market provides a holistic analysis, market size and forecast, trends, growth drivers, and challenges, as well as vendor analysis covering around 25 vendors.

The report offers an up-to-date analysis regarding the current market scenario, the latest trends and drivers, and the overall market environment. The market is driven by the increasing adoption of eco-friendly refrigerants, rising demand for fluoropolymers, and increasing demand for carbon tetrachloride in the pharmaceutical industry.

Technavio's carbon tetrachloride market is segmented as below:

By Type

• Pharmaceutical
• Analytical
• Industrial

By Application

• Chemical
• Industrial
• Textile
• Pharmaceutical
• Others

By Geography

• North America
• Europe
• APAC
• Middle East and Africa
• South America

This study identifies the increased demand for frozen and perishable food products as one of the prime reasons driving the carbon tetrachloride market growth during the next few years. Also, increasing demand for cold storage systems, particularly in developing countries, and increasing demand for fertilizers and pesticides will lead to sizable demand in the market.

The report on the carbon tetrachloride market covers the following areas:

• Carbon tetrachloride market sizing
• Carbon tetrachloride market forecast
• Carbon tetrachloride market industry analysis

The robust vendor analysis is designed to help clients improve their market position, and in line with this, this report provides a detailed analysis of several leading carbon tetrachloride market vendors including Arihant Solvents and Chemicals, Bhumi Chem, Chemtex Speciality Ltd., DuPont de Nemours Inc., East India Chemicals International, Epigral Ltd., Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Ltd., INEOS Group Holdings SA, KEM ONE, LGC Science Group Holdings Ltd., Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd., Merck KGaA, Nouryon Chemicals Holding BV, Occidental Petroleum Corp., Olin Corp., Paragon Chemicals, Restek Corp., Sahil Enterprises, The Sanmar Group, and Vizag Chemical International. Also, the carbon tetrachloride market analysis report includes information on upcoming trends and challenges that will influence market growth. This is to help companies strategize and leverage all forthcoming growth opportunities.

The study was conducted using an objective combination of primary and secondary information including inputs from key participants in the industry. The report contains a comprehensive market and vendor landscape in addition to an analysis of the key vendors.

The publisher presents a detailed picture of the market by way of study, synthesis, and summation of data from multiple sources through an analysis of key parameters such as profit, pricing, competition, and promotions. It presents various market facets by identifying the key industry influencers. The data presented is comprehensive, reliable, and a result of extensive research - both primary and secondary. The market research reports provide a complete competitive landscape and an in-depth vendor selection methodology and analysis using qualitative and quantitative research to forecast accurate market growth.

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

• 1.1 Market overview
• Exhibit 01: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
• Exhibit 02: Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
• Exhibit 03: Executive Summary - Chart on Global Market Characteristics
• Exhibit 04: Executive Summary - Chart on Market by Geography
• Exhibit 05: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Type
• Exhibit 06: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Application
• Exhibit 07: Executive Summary - Chart on Incremental Growth
• Exhibit 08: Executive Summary - Data Table on Incremental Growth
• Exhibit 09: Executive Summary - Chart on Vendor Market Positioning

2 Market Landscape

• 2.1 Market ecosystem
• Exhibit 10: Parent market
• Exhibit 11: Market Characteristics

3 Market Sizing

• 3.1 Market definition
• Exhibit 12: Offerings of vendors included in the market definition
• 3.2 Market segment analysis
• Exhibit 13: Market segments
• 3.3 Market size 2023
• 3.4 Market outlook: Forecast for 2023-2028
• Exhibit 14: Chart on Global - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 15: Data Table on Global - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 16: Chart on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 17: Data Table on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)

4 Historic Market Size

• 4.1 Global carbon tetrachloride market 2018 - 2022
• Exhibit 18: Historic Market Size - Data Table on global carbon tetrachloride market 2018 - 2022 ($ million)
• 4.2 Type Segment Analysis 2018 - 2022
• Exhibit 19: Historic Market Size - Type Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ million)
• 4.3 Application Segment Analysis 2018 - 2022
• Exhibit 20: Historic Market Size - Application Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ million)
• 4.4 Geography Segment Analysis 2018 - 2022
• Exhibit 21: Historic Market Size - Geography Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ million)
• 4.5 Country Segment Analysis 2018 - 2022
• Exhibit 22: Historic Market Size - Country Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ million)

5 Five Forces Analysis

• 5.1 Five forces summary
• Exhibit 23: Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2023 and 2028
• 5.2 Bargaining power of buyers
• Exhibit 24: Chart on Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2023 and 2028
• 5.3 Bargaining power of suppliers
• Exhibit 25: Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
• 5.4 Threat of new entrants
• Exhibit 26: Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
• 5.5 Threat of substitutes
• Exhibit 27: Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
• 5.6 Threat of rivalry
• Exhibit 28: Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
• 5.7 Market condition
• Exhibit 29: Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2023 and 2028

6 Market Segmentation by Type

• 6.1 Market segments
• Exhibit 30: Chart on Type - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 31: Data Table on Type - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
• 6.2 Comparison by Type
• Exhibit 32: Chart on Comparison by Type
• Exhibit 33: Data Table on Comparison by Type
• 6.3 Pharmaceutical - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 34: Chart on Pharmaceutical - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 35: Data Table on Pharmaceutical - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 36: Chart on Pharmaceutical - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 37: Data Table on Pharmaceutical - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 6.4 Analytical - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 38: Chart on Analytical - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 39: Data Table on Analytical - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 40: Chart on Analytical - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 41: Data Table on Analytical - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 6.5 Industrial - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 42: Chart on Industrial - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 43: Data Table on Industrial - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 44: Chart on Industrial - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 45: Data Table on Industrial - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 6.6 Market opportunity by Type
• Exhibit 46: Market opportunity by Type ($ million)
• Exhibit 47: Data Table on Market opportunity by Type ($ million)

7 Market Segmentation by Application

• 7.1 Market segments
• Exhibit 48: Chart on Application - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 49: Data Table on Application - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
• 7.2 Comparison by Application
• Exhibit 50: Chart on Comparison by Application
• Exhibit 51: Data Table on Comparison by Application
• 7.3 Chemical - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 52: Chart on Chemical - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 53: Data Table on Chemical - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 54: Chart on Chemical - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 55: Data Table on Chemical - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 7.4 Industrial - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 56: Chart on Industrial - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 57: Data Table on Industrial - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 58: Chart on Industrial - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 59: Data Table on Industrial - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 7.5 Textile - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 60: Chart on Textile - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 61: Data Table on Textile - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 62: Chart on Textile - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 63: Data Table on Textile - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 7.6 Pharmaceutical - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 64: Chart on Pharmaceutical - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 65: Data Table on Pharmaceutical - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 66: Chart on Pharmaceutical - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 67: Data Table on Pharmaceutical - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 7.7 Others - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 68: Chart on Others - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 69: Data Table on Others - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 70: Chart on Others - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 71: Data Table on Others - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 7.8 Market opportunity by Application
• Exhibit 72: Market opportunity by Application ($ million)
• Exhibit 73: Data Table on Market opportunity by Application ($ million)

8 Customer Landscape

• 8.1 Customer landscape overview
• Exhibit 74: Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria

9 Geographic Landscape

• 9.1 Geographic segmentation
• Exhibit 75: Chart on Market share by geography 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 76: Data Table on Market share by geography 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.2 Geographic comparison
• Exhibit 77: Chart on Geographic comparison
• Exhibit 78: Data Table on Geographic comparison
• 9.3 North America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 79: Chart on North America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 80: Data Table on North America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 81: Chart on North America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 82: Data Table on North America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.4 Europe - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 83: Chart on Europe - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 84: Data Table on Europe - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 85: Chart on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 86: Data Table on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.5 APAC - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 87: Chart on APAC - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 88: Data Table on APAC - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 89: Chart on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 90: Data Table on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.6 Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 91: Chart on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 92: Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 93: Chart on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 94: Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.7 South America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 95: Chart on South America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 96: Data Table on South America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 97: Chart on South America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 98: Data Table on South America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.8 US - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 99: Chart on US - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 100: Data Table on US - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 101: Chart on US - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 102: Data Table on US - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.9 Japan - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 103: Chart on Japan - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 104: Data Table on Japan - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 105: Chart on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 106: Data Table on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.10 Germany - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 107: Chart on Germany - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 108: Data Table on Germany - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 109: Chart on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 110: Data Table on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.11 France - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 111: Chart on France - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 112: Data Table on France - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 113: Chart on France - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 114: Data Table on France - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.12 UK - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• Exhibit 115: Chart on UK - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 116: Data Table on UK - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibit 117: Chart on UK - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibit 118: Data Table on UK - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• 9.13 Market opportunity by geography
• Exhibit 119: Market opportunity by geography ($ million)
• Exhibit 120: Data Tables on Market opportunity by geography ($ million)

10 Drivers, Challenges, and Trends

• 10.1 Market drivers
• 10.2 Market challenges
• 10.3 Impact of drivers and challenges
• Exhibit 121: Impact of drivers and challenges in 2023 and 2028
• 10.4 Market trends

11 Vendor Landscape

• 11.1 Overview
• 11.2 Vendor landscape
• Exhibit 122: Overview on Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
• 11.3 Landscape disruption
• Exhibit 123: Overview on factors of disruption
• 11.4 Industry risks
• Exhibit 124: Impact of key risks on business

12 Vendor Analysis

• 12.1 Vendors covered
• Exhibit 125: Vendors covered
• 12.2 Market positioning of vendors
• Exhibit 126: Matrix on vendor position and classification
• 12.3 Arihant Solvents and Chemicals
• Exhibit 127: Arihant Solvents and Chemicals - Overview
• Exhibit 128: Arihant Solvents and Chemicals - Product / Service
• Exhibit 129: Arihant Solvents and Chemicals - Key offerings
• 12.4 Chemtex Speciality Ltd.
• Exhibit 130: Chemtex Speciality Ltd. - Overview
• Exhibit 131: Chemtex Speciality Ltd. - Product / Service
• Exhibit 132: Chemtex Speciality Ltd. - Key offerings
• 12.5 DuPont de Nemours Inc.
• Exhibit 133: DuPont de Nemours Inc. - Overview
• Exhibit 134: DuPont de Nemours Inc. - Business segments
• Exhibit 135: DuPont de Nemours Inc. - Key news
• Exhibit 136: DuPont de Nemours Inc. - Key offerings
• Exhibit 137: DuPont de Nemours Inc. - Segment focus
• 12.6 East India Chemicals International
• Exhibit 138: East India Chemicals International - Overview
• Exhibit 139: East India Chemicals International - Product / Service
• Exhibit 140: East India Chemicals International - Key offerings
• 12.7 Epigral Ltd.
• Exhibit 141: Epigral Ltd. - Overview
• Exhibit 142: Epigral Ltd. - Product / Service
• Exhibit 143: Epigral Ltd. - Key offerings
• 12.8 Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Ltd.
• Exhibit 144: Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Ltd. - Overview
• Exhibit 145: Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Ltd. - Product / Service
• Exhibit 146: Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Ltd. - Key offerings
• 12.9 INEOS Group Holdings SA
• Exhibit 147: INEOS Group Holdings SA - Overview
• Exhibit 148: INEOS Group Holdings SA - Business segments
• Exhibit 149: INEOS Group Holdings SA - Key news
• Exhibit 150: INEOS Group Holdings SA - Key offerings
• Exhibit 151: INEOS Group Holdings SA - Segment focus
• 12.10 KEM ONE
• Exhibit 152: KEM ONE - Overview
• Exhibit 153: KEM ONE - Product / Service
• Exhibit 154: KEM ONE - Key offerings
• 12.11 LGC Science Group Holdings Ltd.
• Exhibit 155: LGC Science Group Holdings Ltd. - Overview
• Exhibit 156: LGC Science Group Holdings Ltd. - Product / Service
• Exhibit 157: LGC Science Group Holdings Ltd. - Key offerings
• 12.12 Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd.
• Exhibit 158: Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd. - Overview
• Exhibit 159: Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd. - Product / Service
• Exhibit 160: Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd. - Key offerings
• 12.13 Merck KGaA
• Exhibit 161: Merck KGaA - Overview
• Exhibit 162: Merck KGaA - Business segments
• Exhibit 163: Merck KGaA - Key news
• Exhibit 164: Merck KGaA - Key offerings
• Exhibit 165: Merck KGaA - Segment focus
• 12.14 Nouryon Chemicals Holding BV
• Exhibit 166: Nouryon Chemicals Holding BV - Overview
• Exhibit 167: Nouryon Chemicals Holding BV - Business segments
• Exhibit 168: Nouryon Chemicals Holding BV - Key news
• Exhibit 169: Nouryon Chemicals Holding BV - Key offerings
• Exhibit 170: Nouryon Chemicals Holding BV - Segment focus
• 12.15 Occidental Petroleum Corp.
• Exhibit 171: Occidental Petroleum Corp. - Overview
• Exhibit 172: Occidental Petroleum Corp. - Business segments
• Exhibit 173: Occidental Petroleum Corp. - Key offerings
• Exhibit 174: Occidental Petroleum Corp. - Segment focus
• 12.16 Restek Corp.
• Exhibit 175: Restek Corp. - Overview
• Exhibit 176: Restek Corp. - Product / Service
• Exhibit 177: Restek Corp. - Key offerings
• 12.17 Vizag Chemical International
• Exhibit 178: Vizag Chemical International - Overview
• Exhibit 179: Vizag Chemical International - Product / Service
• Exhibit 180: Vizag Chemical International - Key offerings

13 Appendix

• 13.1 Scope of the report
• 13.2 Inclusions and exclusions checklist
• Exhibit 181: Inclusions checklist
• Exhibit 182: Exclusions checklist
• 13.3 Currency conversion rates for US$
• Exhibit 183: Currency conversion rates for US$
• 13.4 Research methodology
• Exhibit 184: Research methodology
• Exhibit 185: Validation techniques employed for market sizing
• Exhibit 186: Information sources
• 13.5 List of abbreviations
• Exhibit 187: List of abbreviations