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한글목차
주요 하이라이트
주요 7 시장의 AMI 시장 규모는 2023년에 약 16억 달러로 추정되며, 예측 기간에 대폭적인 CAGR로 성장할 전망입니다.
7대 시장 국가 중 AMI 시장 규모가 가장 큰 국가는 미국으로 2023년 전체 시장의 약 75%를 차지했습니다.
지난 20년간 AMI 진단을 위한 심장 바이오마커의 사용 증가와 심근 손상 또는 AMI를 정의하는 데 사용되는 임상 검사의 컷오프 수준의 변화는 AMI 동향에 대한 많은 연구에서 가장 분명하고 복잡한 요인입니다.
바이오마커의 사용으로 심근경색 파악이 시간이 지남에 따라 개선된 것으로 보이지만, 이는 1차 예방 활동으로 인한 실제 이환율 감소를 가릴 수 있으며, 이전에는 임상적으로 인식되지 않았던 작은 심근경색을 포함시킴으로써 심근경색 관련 사망률의 잘못된 개선으로 이어질 수 있습니다. 심근경색과 관련된 사망률의 잘못된 개선으로 이어지는 이중의 효과가 있습니다.
미국 7개 주요 시장의 심근경색 발병 건수는 약 146만 8,400건으로 2023년 발병 건수가 가장 많을 것으로 예상됩니다.
AGEPHA Pharma의 LODOCO가 승인됨에 따라 염증성 위험이 남아있는 환자들은 심혈관 질환의 위험을 줄이기 위해 특별히 고안된 FDA 승인 치료 옵션을 처음으로 이용할 수 있게 되었습니다. 작용합니다.
잘룬피반과 셀라토그렐은 STEMI 환자의 첫 진료시 피하 주사로 쉽게 투여할 수 있는 차세대 혈소판 억제제로서 미래가 유망한 약물입니다.
AMI 시장 역학은 진단 방법의 개선, 질병에 대한 인식 개선, 전 세계 의료비 지출 증가로 인해 향후 수년간 변화할 것으로 예상되며, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals와 Viatris(Selatogrel), Recardio(dutogliptin), Amgen(Olpasiran), Faraday Pharmaceuticals(FDY-5301), Novo Nordisk(Ziltivekimab), Bristol Myers Squibb와 Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine(Milvexian), CeleCor Therapeutics(Zalunfiban), Kancera(KAND567), CellProthera와 BioCardia(ProtheraCytes) 등의 주요 기업이 각기 다른 임상 개발 단계에 있는 주력 후보물질을 평가하고 있으며, 예측 기간(2024-2034년) 동안 AMI 시장에 큰 영향을 미칠 것으로 보입니다.
미국 전체 AMI 발병 건수 중 NSTEMI 유형이 STEMI 유형보다 더 많은 것으로 추정되며, 2023년 NSTEMI 유형이 약 60만 7,300건을 차지할 것으로 예상됩니다.
AMI 시장 전망
일반적으로 심장마비라고 불리는 급성 심근경색증(AMI)은 심장 근육의 일부에 혈액 공급이 갑자기 중단될 때 발생하는 응급 질환입니다. 이러한 혈액 공급 중단은 보통 심근에 산소와 영양을 공급하는 관상동맥이 막혀서 발생합니다.
AMI는 노년층에서 CVD의 흔한 증상으로 사망률, 이환율 및 초과 비용의 위험을 증가시킵니다. 현재 심근경색 후 효과적인 관리 방법은 여러 가지가 있으며, 가이드라인은 금기 사항이 아닌 경우 베타차단제, ACE 억제제 또는 안지오텐신 II 수용체 길항제, 아세틸살리실산, 스타틴을 통한 평생 약물 예방법을 권장하고 있습니다.
7대 주요 시장의 AMI 시장 규모는 2023년 약 16억 달러로 추정되며, 예측 기간(2024-2034년) 동안 확대될 것으로 예상됩니다. 미국은 조사 기간(2020-2034년) 동안 주요 7대 시장 국가 중 가장 큰 AMI 시장 규모를 차지할 것으로 예상됩니다. 유럽 4개국 중에서는 독일과 영국이 예측 기간 중 가장 큰 매출을 창출할 것으로 예상됩니다.
현재 시장은 7대 주요 시장 전반의 일반적인 치료 패턴에 따라 일반적으로 사용되는 다양한 치료제로 세분화되어 있습니다. 항혈소판제, 항응고제, 혈관 확장제, 베타 차단제, 지질 저하제, 안지오텐신 전환 효소 억제제(ACE), 안지오텐신 II 수용체 차단제(ARB), 칼슘 채널 차단제 등이 예측 모델에서 다루고 있는 주요 클래스입니다.
급성 심근경색(AMI)의 주요 7 시장(미국, 독일, 스페인, 이탈리아, 프랑스, 영국, 일본)에 대해 조사분석했으며, 각 지역의 시장 규모, 현재 치료법, 미충족 요구, 신약 등의 정보를 제공하고 있습니다.
목차
제1장 주요 인사이트
제2장 리포트 서론
제3장 개요
제4장 역학과 시장 예측 조사 방법
제5장 주요 이벤트
제6장 급성 심근경색 시장의 개요
시장 점유율 분포 : 치료법별(2020년)
시장 점유율 분포 : 치료법별(2034년)
제7장 질환의 배경과 개요
서론
위험 요인
병태생리학
심근경색의 임상 분류
진단
바이오마커
과거 심근경색의 정의
WHO에 의한 심근경색의 정의와 진단 기준
제8장 치료와 관리
항혈소판제
항응고약
제9장 MI의 가이드라인과 권장사항
AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure : Executive Summary : A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines(2022년)
NICE Guidelines for Acute coronary syndromes(2020년)
ESC Guidelines for the Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients Presenting With ST-Segment Elevation(2017년)
ESC Guidelines for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes(ACS)(2024년)
EFFIENT/EFIENT(prasugrel) : Daiichi Sankyo/Eli Lilly and Company
ATACAND(candesartan) : AstraZeneca/Takeda
DIOVAN(valsartan) : Novartis
제14장 새로운 치료법
주요 경쟁
Selatogrel(ACT-246475) : Idorsia Pharmaceuticals and Viatris
Dutogliptin : Recardio
FARXIGA/FORXIGA(dapagliflozin) : AstraZeneca
Zalunfiban(RUC 4) : CeleCor Therapeutics
Ziltivekimab : Novo Nordisk
Milvexian : Bristol Myers Squibb and Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine
ProtheraCytes : CellProthera and BioCardia
KAND567 : Kancera
Olpasiran(AMG 890) : Amgen and Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals
제15장 급성 심근경색(AMI) : 주요 7 시장 분석
주요 조사 결과
시장 전망
컨조인트 분석
주요 시장 예측의 전제조건
주요 7 시장의 AMI 전체 시장 규모
미국 시장 규모
유럽 4개국·영국 시장 규모
일본 시장 규모
제16장 미충족 요구
제17장 SWOT 분석
제18장 KOL의 견해
제19장 시장 참여와 상환
미국
유럽 4개국·영국
독일
프랑스
이탈리아
스페인
영국
일본
AMI에서 상환 시나리오와 주요 HTA 결정
제20장 부록
제21장 DelveInsight 서비스 내용
제22장 면책사항
제23장 DelveInsight 소개
KSA
영문 목차
영문목차
Key Highlights:
The market size of AMI in the 7MM is estimated to be around USD 1,600 million in 2023 and is expected to increase with a significant CAGR during the forecast period.
Among the 7MM countries, the United States is expected to account for the largest market size of AMI among the 7MM countries. Accounting for approximately 75% of the overall market in 2023.
The increasing use of cardiac biomarkers for diagnosing AMI during the past two decades and the changing cutoff levels for the laboratory tests used to define myocardial injury or AMI are the most apparent complicating factors in many studies of AMI trends.
The use of biomarkers has likely improved the ascertainment of myocardial infarction over time, which would have the dual effects of potentially masking actual reductions in disease incidence because of primary prevention efforts and leading to false improvements in myocardial infarction-related case fatality attributable to the inclusion of smaller infarctions that previously would have been clinically unrecognized.
The total incident cases of AMI in the 7MM were ~1,468,400 in 2023 out of which the highest incident cases of this disease were in the United States.
With the approval of AGEPHA Pharma's LODOCO, patients with residual inflammatory risk now have, for the first time, an FDA-approved treatment option specifically designed to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. LODOCO works by targeting inflammatory pathways that contribute to major cardiac events.
Zalunfiban and selatogrel represent an exciting new generation of platelet antagonists that may be administered easily via subcutaneous injection at first medical contact in patients with STEMI.
The dynamics of AMI market are anticipated to change in the coming years owing to the improvement in the diagnosis methodologies, raising awareness of the disease, incremental healthcare spending across the world. Key players such as Idorsia Pharmaceuticals and Viatris (Selatogrel), Recardio (dutogliptin), Amgen (Olpasiran), Faraday Pharmaceuticals (FDY-5301), Novo Nordisk (Ziltivekimab), Bristol Myers Squibb and Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine (Milvexian), CeleCor Therapeutics (Zalunfiban), Kancera (KAND567), CellProthera and BioCardia (ProtheraCytes), and others are evaluating their lead candidates in different stages of clinical development, respectively and will significantly impact the AMI market during the forecast period (2024-2034).
Among the total AMI incident cases, NSTEMI type were estimated to be more than STEMI type, with NSTEMI accounting for approximately 607,300 cases in the United States in 2023.
Report Summary
The detailed report provides significant knowledge about epidemiological segments, including the historical and forecasted patient pool data, thus providing a thorough picture of anticipated future development in incident pool and treatment guidelines. It gives deep insights into various areas, allowing for a complete examination of the subject.
The report also includes an all-inclusive account of current management techniques and emerging therapies and elaborative profiles of late-stage (Phase III, Phase IIa, and Phase II) and prominent therapies that would impact the current treatment landscape and result in an overall market shift. The therapy profiles include a detailed assessment of the current and emerging therapies, information regarding the approval-based and ongoing trials, and a thorough drug description.
The report also encompasses a comprehensive analysis of the AMI market, providing an in-depth examination of its historical and projected market size (2020-2034). It also includes the market share of therapies, detailed assumptions, and the underlying rationale for our methodology. The report also includes drug outreach coverage in the 7MM region.
The report includes qualitative as well as quantitative insights that provide an edge while developing business strategies by understanding trends through SWOT analysis and expert insights/KOL views, including experts from various hospitals and prominent universities, patient journey, which gives an overview of the patient landscape commencing from detection of the disease to treatment being administered to the patients, with the treatment preferences that help shape and drive the 7MM AMI market.
Market
Various key players are currently investigating their drugs for AMI, such as Idorsia Pharmaceuticals, Viatris, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim and Eli Lilly and Company, Amgen and Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals, Faraday Pharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk, Bristol Myers Squibb and Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Recardio, CeleCor Therapeutics, Kancera, CellProthera and BioCardia, Mesoblast, Boehringer Ingelheim, and others. The details of the country and therapy-wise market size have been provided below.
In the 7MM region, the United States captured the largest market size in 2023.
Among the 7MM countries, Spain accounted for the smallest market size in 2023, ~USD 25 million.
Among the emerging therapies that are estimated to be launched in our forecast period, Ziltivekimab is estimated to have the highest revenue by 2034.
AMI Drug Chapters
The AMI report's drugs section includes an in-depth examination of marketed drugs and late-stage pipeline therapeutics (Phase III, Phase IIa, and Phase II) for AMI.
The drug chapters section contains useful information on various aspects of AMI clinical trials, including specific details such as the pharmacological mechanisms of the drugs involved, designations, approval status, patent information, and a comprehensive analysis of the pros and cons associated with each drug. It also includes the most recent news updates and press releases on drugs that treat AMI.
Marketed Therapies
LODOCO (colchicine): AGEPHA Pharma
Colchicine-an anti-inflammatory alkaloid-has assumed an important role in the management of cardiovascular inflammation after its first medicinal use in ancient Egypt. Primarily used in high doses for the treatment of acute gout flares during the 20th century, research in the early 21st century demonstrated that low-dose colchicine effectively treats acute gout attacks, lowers the risk of recurrent pericarditis, and can add to secondary prevention of major adverse cardiovascular events. As the first FDA-approved targeted anti-inflammatory cardiovascular therapy, colchicine currently has a unique role in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
In June 2023, the US FDA approved LODOCO as the first anti-inflammatory atheroprotective cardiovascular treatment demonstrated to reduce the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary revascularization, and cardiovascular death in adult patients with established atherosclerotic disease or with multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
TNKase (tenecteplase): Genentech
TNKase is a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) produced by recombinant DNA technology using an established mammalian cell line. Tenecteplase is a variant of the native tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) molecule with 14-fold greater fibrin specificity than alteplase, a longer half-life, slower plasma clearance, and 80-fold greater resistance to inhibition by plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1. Its half-life of ~18 min allows single-bolus administration.
In June 2000, the US FDA approved TNKase to reduce mortality associated with AMI.
Emerging Therapies
Dutogliptin: Recardio
Dutogliptin (REC-01), developed by Recardio, is a potent and selective DPP4 inhibitor. Dutogliptin is administered via SC injection; the protein belongs to the class of enzyme inhibitors called gliptins or DPP-IV inhibitors. The combination of G-CSF with dutogliptin significantly enhanced survival and reduced infarct size in the preclinical model. Once the diagnosis of AMI is confirmed and percutaneous intervention and stent implantation are completed, the patient receives or can self-administer daily SC injection of dutogliptin for 2 weeks in co-administration with G-CSF for 5 days.
In March 2024, Recardio completed the first partnering agreements, closing with regional partners outside of its key territories US and Europe. The selected regional partners will be involved in the global pivotal Phase III study for Recardio's lead therapeutic candidate, dutogliptin, which is being developed for the treatment of AMI.
Selatogrel: Idorsia Pharmaceuticals and Viatris
Selatogrel is a potent, highly selective, fast-acting, and reversible P2Y12 receptor antagonist being developed for treating AMI in patients at high risk of recurrent AMI. It is self-administered subcutaneously via a drug delivery device (autoinjector) upon the occurrence of symptoms suggestive of an AMI. In 2020, the FDA designated the investigation of Selatogrel for treating a suspected AMI in adult patients with a history of AMI as a fast-track development program.
In February 2024, Indorsia announced that the company has entered into agreements for a significant global research and development collaboration with Viatris for the global development and commercialization of two Phase III assets - selatogrel and cenerimod - for an upfront payment of USD 350 million, potential development and regulatory milestone payments, and certain contingent payments of additional sales milestone payments and tiered royalties from mid-single- to low double-digit percentage on annual net sales.
AMI Market Outlook
Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI), commonly referred to as a heart attack, is a medical emergency that occurs when there is a sudden interruption in the blood supply to a portion of the heart muscle. This interruption is typically caused by a blockage in one of the coronary arteries, which are responsible for supplying oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle
AMI carries a common manifestation of CVD in the elderly with an increased risk of mortality, morbidity, and excess costs. Currently, there are multiple effective management options following myocardial infarction, and guidelines recommend lifelong pharmaceutical prevention with beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers, acetylsalicylic acid, and statins if not contraindicated.
The market size of AMI in the 7MM was estimated to be around USD 1,600 million in 2023 and is expected to increase during the forecast period [2024-2034]. The United States is expected to account for the largest market size of AMI among the 7MM countries, during the study period [2020-2034]. Among the EU4 countries and the UK, Germany is expected to generate the largest revenue during the forecast period.
The current market has been segmented accordingly into different commonly used therapeutic classes based on the prevailing treatment pattern across the 7MM, which present itself with minor variations in the overall prescription pattern. Antiplatelet agents, Anticoagulants, Vasodilators, Beta Blockers, Lipid-lowering drugs, Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE), Angiotensin-II receptor Blockers (ARBs), and Calcium channel blockers are the major classes that have been covered in the forecast model.
AMI Understanding and Treatment
AMI Overview
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is myocardial necrosis resulting from acute obstruction of a coronary artery. Symptoms include chest discomfort with or without dyspnea, nausea, and/or diaphoresis. Diagnosis is by electrocardiography (ECG) and the presence or absence of serologic markers. Treatment is antiplatelet drugs, anticoagulants, nitrates, beta-blockers, statins, and reperfusion therapy. For ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction, emergency reperfusion is via fibrinolytic drugs, percutaneous intervention, or, occasionally, coronary artery bypass graft surgery. For non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction, reperfusion is via percutaneous intervention or coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
AMI is one of the leading causes of death in the developed world. AMI can be divided into two categories, non-ST-segment elevation MI (NSTEMI) and ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI). Unstable angina is similar to NSTEMI. However, cardiac markers are not elevated.
AMI Diagnosis
The initial evaluation of a patient with a suspected AMI should include a focused clinical history, physical examination, electrocardiography, cardiac markers, and a chest radiograph. An ECG is especially useful for distinguishing between an NSTEMI and a STEMI. Serum biomarkers of myocardial necrosis include cardiac-specific troponins T and I, MB isoforms of creatine (CK-MB), creatine kinase (CK), and myoglobin. Myocardial injury is diagnosed as wall motion abnormalities on echocardiography. An echocardiogram, however, cannot distinguish between an acute STEMI from an old myocardial scar or severe acute ischemia, but ease and safety make it useful as a screening tool to aid management decisions. There are several other causes of chest pain that can masquerade as a myocardial infarction. Most notable include acute pericarditis, pulmonary embolism, acute aortic dissection, costochondritis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
AMI Treatment
The goals of initial treatment of an MI are relief of pain, immediate identification of ST changes via 12-lead EKG, initiation of reperfusion (if the patient is a candidate), and assessment and treatment of hemodynamic abnormalities. Pain relief is best achieved with oxygen, nitroglycerin, and morphine sulfate. Patients with ST-segment elevation or a new LBBB with symptoms for 12 h or less are candidates for reperfusion therapy. Further treatment of an MI may be separated into two pathways depending on whether or not the patient has a STEMI or an NSTEMI.
AMI Epidemiology
The AMI epidemiology chapter in the report provides historical as well as forecasted epidemiology segmented by Total Incident Cases of AMI, Type-specific Incidence of AMI, and Gender-specific Incidence of AMI covering the United States, EU4 countries (Germany, France, Italy, Spain) and the United Kingdom, and Japan from 2020 to 2034
The total incident cases of AMI in the United States is estimated to be ~822,800 in 2023. The cases are expected to increase by 2034.
There were ~45,700 cases of STEMI and ~34,500 cases of NSTEMI in Japan in 2023.
In EU4 and the UK, the incident cases of AMI were ~930,900 cases in males and ~537,500 cases in females in 2023.
KOL Views
In order to stay abreast of the latest trends in the market, we conduct primary research by seeking the opinions of Key Opinion Leaders (KOLs) and Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) who work in the relevant field. This helps us fill any gaps in data and validate our secondary research.
We have reached out to industry experts to gather insights on various aspects of AMI, including the evolving treatment landscape, patients' reliance on conventional therapies, their acceptance of therapy switching, drug uptake, and challenges related to accessibility. The experts included medical/scientific writers, professors, and researchers from prestigious universities in the US, Europe, the UK, and Japan.
Our team of analysts at DelveInsight connected with more than 10 KOLs across the 7 Major Markets (7MM). We contacted institutions such as Stanford Medicine, University of Barcelona and others. By obtaining the opinions of these experts, we gained a better understanding of the current and emerging treatment patterns in the AMI market, which will assist our clients in analyzing the overall epidemiology and market scenario.
Qualitative Analysis
We conduct qualitative and market intelligence analysis employing various methods, including SWOT analysis and Conjoint Analysis. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in disease diagnosis, patient awareness, patient burden, competitive landscape, cost-effectiveness, and geographical accessibility of therapies are described in the SWOT analysis. These recommendations are based on the Analyst's evaluation of the patient burden, cost analysis, and the current and emerging therapy landscape. Conjoint Analysis compares the effectiveness and safety of numerous approved and emergent drugs depending on key criteria such as frequency of administration, designation, route of administration, and order of entry. To assess the success of therapy, several factors are evaluated.
Furthermore, the drug's safety is analyzed, in which acceptability, tolerability, and adverse events are closely monitored, and it establishes a firm grasp of the side effects of the drugs used in the trials. Furthermore, for each therapy, the rating is based on the route of administration, sequence of entrance and designation, chance of success, and addressable patient pool. These characteristics determine the ultimate weightage score and ranking of developing therapeutics.
Market Access and Reimbursement
Because newly authorized drugs are often expensive, some patients escape receiving proper treatment or use off-label, less expensive prescriptions. Reimbursement plays a critical role in how innovative treatments can enter the market. The cost of the medicine, compared to the benefit it provides to patients who are being treated, sometimes determines whether or not it will be reimbursed. Regulatory status, target population size, the setting of treatment, unmet needs, the number of incremental benefit claims, and prices can all affect market access and reimbursement possibilities.
The report further provides detailed insights on the country-wise accessibility and reimbursement scenarios, cost-effectiveness scenario of approved therapies, programs making accessibility easier and out-of-pocket costs more affordable, insights on patients insured under federal or state government prescription drug programs, etc.
AMI Insights
Patient Population
Therapeutic Approaches
Market size of each therapy
AMI Market Size and Trends
Existing Market Opportunity
AMI Report Key Strengths
Eleven-year Forecast
The 7MM Coverage
AMI Epidemiology Segmentation (Segmented by incident cases, type, and gender-specific Cases)
Key Cross Competition evaluating the marketed as well as emerging therapies
AMI Report Assessment
Current Treatment and Management Practices
Unmet Needs
Market Attractiveness
Qualitative Analysis (SWOT, Conjoint Analysis)
Key Questions:
Would there be any changes observed in the current treatment approach?
Will there be any improvements in AMI management recommendations?
Would research and development advances pave the way for future tests and therapies for AMI?
Would the innovations in diagnostic tests of AMI space experience a significant impact and lead to a positive shift in the treatment landscape of AMI?
What kind of uptake will the new therapies witness in the coming years in AMI patients?
Table of Contents
1. Key Insights
2. Report Introduction
3. Executive Summary
4. Epidemiology and Market Forecast Methodology
5. Key Events
6. Acute Myocardial infarction Market Overview at a Glance
6.1. Market Share Distribution by Therapies (%) in 2020
6.2. Market Share Distribution by Therapies (%) in 2034
7. Disease Background and Overview
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Risk Factors
7.3. Pathophysiology
7.4. Clinical Classification of Myocardial Infarction
7.4.1. Type 1
7.4.2. Type 2
7.4.3. Type 2 and myocardial injury
7.4.4. Type 3
7.4.5. Type 4a: Myocardial Infarction Associated With Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
7.4.6. Type 4b: Stent/Scaffold Thrombosis Associated With Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
7.4.7. Type 4c: Restenosis Associated With Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
7.4.8. Type 5: Myocardial Infarction Associated With Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
7.5. Diagnosis
7.6. Biomarkers
7.6.1. Biomarkers Originated From Myocardial Tissues
7.6.2. Biomarkers Induced by MI Incidence
7.6.3. Biomarkers Preexisted Before MI Occurred
7.7. Definition of a Prior MI
7.7.1. Recurrent MI
7.7.2. Reinfarction
7.7.3. Peri-procedural MI
7.8. WHO definition and diagnostic criteria of MI
7.8.1. Category A definition and Diagnostic Criteria of MI
7.8.2. Category B definition and diagnostic criteria of MI if the requirements for diagnostic tests in Category A (above) Have Not Been Met
7.8.3. Category C definition and diagnostic criteria of probable MI
7.8.4. Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction
8. Treatment and Management
8.1. Antiplatelet agents
8.2. Anticoagulant agents
9. Guidelines and Recommendations for MI
9.1. AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines: 2022
9.2. NICE Guidelines for Acute coronary syndromes: 2020
9.3. ESC Guidelines for the Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients Presenting With ST-Segment Elevation: 2017
9.4. ESC Guidelines for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS): 2024
9.5. Evidenced-based Recommendations from the Guidelines
9.6. ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
9.7. Guideline Adherence and Longterm Clinical Outcomes in Patients with AMI in Japan
10. Epidemiology and Patient Population of AMI in the 7MM
10.1. Key Findings
10.2. Assumptions and Rationale
10.3. Total Incident Cases of AMI in the 7MM
10.4. The United States
10.4.1. Total Incident Cases of AMI in the United States
10.4.2. Type-specific Incident Cases of AMI in the United States
10.4.3. Gender-specific Incident Cases of AMI in the United States
10.5. EU4 and the UK
10.5.1. Total Incident Cases of AMI in EU4 and the UK
10.5.2. Type-specific Incident Cases of AMI in EU4 and the UK
10.5.3. Gender-specific Incident Cases of AMI in EU4 and the UK
10.6. Japan
10.6.1. Total Incident Cases of AMI in Japan
10.6.2. Type-specific Incident Cases of AMI in Japan
10.6.3. Gender-specific Incident Cases of AMI in Japan
